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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurobiol Dis. 2014 Sep 16;72PA:92–103. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.09.001

Figure 2. Insulin resistance contributes to cognitive decline in Tg2576.

Figure 2

Age-dependent exacerbation of insulin resistance manifested as sequential upregulation of calcineurin then down-regulation of PPARγ (∼9MO) and AMPK (∼13MO) (lower panel dashed lines) suggest therapeutic windows for memory enhancement with mechanistically distinct insulin sensitizers to harness dysregulated ERK. While WT cognition declines slightly with age (solid grey line), by ∼5MO Tg2576 exhibit significant deficits in hippocampus-dependent memory that require proper ERK function (solid black line). Coincident are significant pathologies for amyloid and tau that continue to worsen with age (dashed black line). Therapeutic windows have been identified by which to enhance cognition by sequentially targeting calcineurin, PPARγ, and AMPK. FK = FK506.