Table 1.
Characteristics of Study Individuals With Diabetes Receiving Metformin Treatment Stratified by Race-Ethnicity
| All Patients (n = 19 672) | African American Individuals (n = 7429) | European American Individuals (n = 8783) | P Valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y, mean ± SD | 57.3 ± 12.7 | 55.1 ± 12.9 | 59.5 ± 12.3 | .001 |
| Female, n, % | 10 192 (51.8) | 4355 (58.6) | 4202 (47.8) | .001 |
| Race-ethnicity, n, %b | ||||
| African American | 7429 (37.8) | 7429 (100.0) | ||
| European American | 8783 (44.6) | 8783 (100.0) | ||
| Other | 3460 (17.6) | |||
| Baseline HbA1c level, mean % ± SD, mmol/mol | 7.56% ± 1.71% (59.1 ± 18.7) | 7.81% ± 1.96% (61.8 ± 21.4) | 7.38% ± 1.50% (57.1 ± 16.4) | .001 |
| Use of other diabetes medications, n, %c | ||||
| α-Glucosidase inhibitors | 162 (0.8) | 42 (0.6) | 75 (0.9) | .031 |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors | 753 (3.8) | 221 (3.0) | 363 (4.1) | .001 |
| Insulin (fast acting) | 1962 (10.0) | 707 (9.5) | 915 (10.4) | .057 |
| Insulin (long acting) | 4903 (24.9) | 1986 (26.7) | 2114 (24.1) | .001 |
| Meglitinides | 94 (0.5) | 24 (0.3) | 43 (0.5) | .100 |
| Pramlintide | 76 (0.4) | 22 (0.3) | 41 (0.5) | .082 |
| Sulfonylureas | 10 238 (52.0) | 3859 (52.0) | 4637 (52.8) | .280 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 2417 (12.3) | 843 (11.4) | 1117 (12.7) | .008 |
mmol/mol indicates millimoles of HbA1c per mole of hemoglobin.
a
P value for the comparison of African American and European American individuals.
b
Individuals were categorized based on self-reported race-ethnicity. The Other category included individuals whose race-ethnicity was not reported, was other than African American or European American, or consisted of multiple race-ethnic groups.
c
Use of these other diabetes medication occurred over the course of observation, and some individuals used these diabetes medications simultaneously.