FIG. 6.
Activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in astrocytes in cerebral cortex of rats after traumatic brain injury (3 h). (A, F), 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (blue, nuclei); (B, G) NF-κB (green); (C, H) glial fibrillary acidic protein (red, astrocytes). Sham (control) brain: (D) merged image of A and B illustrates the basal level of NF-κB in nuclei (arrows) and (E) merged image of A–C exemplifies the normal levels of NF-κB in astrocytic nuclei. Trauma brain: (I) merged image of F and G demonstrates increased nuclear NF-κB (arrows) compared with control brain. (J) Merged image of F–H illustrates increased levels of NF-κB in astrocytic nuclei. Scale bar=20 μM (J).