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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jun 18.
Published in final edited form as: Neuron. 2014 Jun 18;82(6):1263–1270. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.04.038

Figure 4. Norepinephrine enhances the sensitivity of astrocytes to local circuit activity.

Figure 4

A, V1 astrocyte Ca2+ responses to enforced locomotion (green bars), visual stimulation (blue bars) or simultaneous enforced locomotion and visual stimulation (gray bars). Red traces represent EMG activity, black traces represent mean Ca2+ change in all astrocytes. Lower panel represents Ca2+ changes in individual astrocytes pseudocolored according to amplitude. Arrowhead highlights Ca2+ elevation associated with spontaneous locomotion. B, Ca2+ transients in 4 representative cells during 4 consecutive trials of enforced locomotion (green bars) or simultaneous enforced locomotion and visual stimulation (grey bars). C, Left, average fraction of astrocytes responding with a mean Ca2+ elevation exceeding 1% ΔF/F. Right, average maximum Ca2+ responses in individual astrocytes (16 - 20 trials). Bars represent mean ± SEM; n = 20 mice; asterisks indicate significant difference (one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc test). D, Left, mean Ca2+ elevations in all astrocytes (16 - 20 trials). Colored lines connect data points from individual mice. Asterisks indicate significant difference (one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc test). Right, change in EMG power during enforced locomotion or simultaneous enforced locomotion and visual stimulation. Each point represents average response in 16 - 20 trials. Red circles indicate mean of all trials.