Table 1.
Prevalence of Opioid Dispensing Before and During Pregnancy
| Exposure window | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| −180 days to −91 days | −90 days to LMP | First trimester | Second trimester | Third trimester | Anytime during pregnancy | |
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
| Any opioid | 53587 (10.03) | 51595 (9.65) | 30566 (5.72) | 30434 (5.69) | 34906 (6.53) | 76742 (14.36) |
| Specific opioid | ||||||
| Hydrocodone | 30131 (5.64) | 29712 (5.56) | 15906 (2.98) | 12879 (2.41) | 15079 (2.82) | 36234 (6.78) |
| Codeine | 10692 (2.00) | 10516 (1.97) | 9347 (1.75) | 12972 (2.43) | 13949 (2.61) | 32755 (6.13) |
| Oxycodone | 9755 (1.83) | 8509 (1.59) | 3795 (0.71) | 3718 (0.70) | 4962 (0.93) | 10402 (1.95) |
| Propoxyphene | 6083 (1.14) | 5674 (1.06) | 3014 (0.56) | 2980 (0.56) | 3424 (0.64) | 8347 (1.56) |
| Tramadol | 3109 (0.58) | 3306 (0.62) | 1695 (0.32) | 742 (0.14) | 857 (0.16) | 2526 (0.47) |
| Meperidine | 507 (0.09) | 563 (0.11) | 284 (0.05) | 282 (0.05) | 352 (0.07) | 853 (0.16) |
| Hydromorphone | 242 (0.05) | 222 (0.04) | 144 (0.03) | 184 (0.03) | 267 (0.05) | 512 (0.10) |
| Morphine | 197 (0.04) | 190 (0.04) | 149 (0.03) | 148 (0.03) | 186 (0.03) | 299 (0.06) |
| Fentanyl | 174 (0.03) | 177 (0.03) | 162 (0.03) | 138 (0.03) | 143 (0.03) | 249 (0.05) |
| Buprenorphine | 151 (0.03) | 176 (0.03) | 170 (0.03) | 134 (0.03) | 131 (0.02) | 209 (0.04) |
| Methadone | 116 (0.02) | 129 (0.02) | 125 (0.02) | 107 (0.02) | 115 (0.02) | 180 (0.03) |
| Pentazocine | 41 (0.01) | 35 (0.01) | 20 (0.00) | 22 (0.00) | 18 (0.00) | 49 (0.01) |
| Tapentadol | 20 (0.00) | 30 (0.01) | 12 (0.00) | 11 (0.00) | 17 (0.00) | 35 (0.01) |
| Oxymorphone | 26 (0.00) | 24 (0) | 31 (0.01) | 26 (0.00) | 27 (0.01) | 49 (0.01) |
Abbreviations: LMP, last menstrual period