Table 1.
Subject characteristics, HIV disease severity, and cognitive assessments
| SN (n = 56) | HIV+NC (n = 37) | HAND (n = 29) | ANOVA/Fisher's exact (ES, p value) | HIV+NC vs. SN (ES, p value) | HAND vs. SN (ES, p value) | HAND vs. HIV+NC (ES, p value) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (range), y | 45.7 ± 1.7 (22–72) | 47.6 ± 1.5 (23–65) | 46.6 ± 1.5 (20–61) | f2 = 0.006, p = 0.71 | d = 0.17, p = 0.44 | d = 0.08, p = 0.74 | d = –0.11, p = 0.65 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 44.4 ± 0.3 | 45.0 ± 0.6 | 43.9 ± 0.8 | f2 = 0.02, p = 0.39 | d = 0.19, p = 0.36 | d = –0.16, p = 0.44 | d = –0.28, p = 0.25 |
| Depression score (CES-D) | 7.2 ± 0.8 | 10.1 ± 1.6 | 13.0 ± 1.9 | f2 = 0.08, p = 0.009 | d = 0.36, p = 0.07 | d = 0.71, p = 0.001 | d = 0.29, p = 0.24 |
| CD4 (n per mm3) | 407.2 ± 37.5 | 394.7 ± 35.8 | d = –0.06, p = 0.81 | ||||
| Nadir CD4 (n per mm3) | 167.6 ± 22.6 | 146.6 ± 22.3 | d = –0.16, p = 0.52 | ||||
| Plasma viral load (copies per mL) | 10,773 ± 3,280 | 31,956 ± 11,786 | d = 0.45, p = 0.06 | ||||
| Log plasma viral load | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.3 | d = –0.002, p = 0.99 | ||||
| Undetectable viral load, n (%) | 18 (49) | 16 (55) | OR = 1.30, p = 0.63 | ||||
| Antiretroviral therapy, n (%) | 28 (76) | 26 (90) | OR = 2.79, p = 0.20 | ||||
| Karnofsky score (0–100) | 93.2 ± 1.5 | 89.3 ± 1.4 | d = –0.49, p = 0.06 | ||||
| Duration of HIV (mo) | 142.9 ± 12.9 | 145.9 ± 16.1 | d = 0.04, p = 0.88 | ||||
| Education and clinical assessment of cognitive function | |||||||
| Education (y) | 14.8 ± 0.3 | 14.7 ± 0.4 | 14.6 ± 0.4 | f2 = 0.001, p = 0.95 | d = –0.03, p = 0.86 | d = –0.07, p = 0.73 | d = –0.03, p = 0.90 |
| MMSE (0–30) | 29.0 ± 0.1 | 29.1 ± 0.1 | 28.5 ± 0.2 | f2 = 0.07, p = 0.02 | d = 0.10, p = 0.64 | d = –0.54, p = 0.02 | d = –0.62, p = 0.01 |
| Estimated verbal IQa | 112.7 ± 1.2 | 109.8 ± 1.5 | 101.7 ± 2.3 | f2 = 0.20, p < 0.0001 | d = –0.33, p = 0.12 | d = –1.01, p < 0.0001 | d = –0.75, p = 0.003 |
| HIV dementia scale (0–16) | 15.0 ± 0.2 | 13.6 ± 0.4 | d = –0.89, p = 0.0005 | ||||
| MSK AIDS dementia stage (0–4) | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | d = 0.41, p = 0.11 | ||||
| Cognitive domain Z-scoresb | |||||||
| Motor skillsc | –0.09 ± 0.10 | –0.03 ± 0.13 | –0.76 ± 0.19 | f2 = 0.13, p = 0.001 | d = 0.08, p = 0.71 | d = –0.74, p = 0.001 | d = –0.79, p = 0.002 |
| Fluencyd | 0.25 ± 0.09 | 0.38 ± 0.11 | –0.58 ± 0.12 | f2 = 0.32, p < 0.0001 | d = 0.19, p = 0.38 | d = –1.21, p < 0.0001 | d = –1.45, p < 0.0001 |
| Executive functione | –0.01 ± 0.11 | 0.35 ± 0.14 | –0.69 ± 0.15 | f2 = 0.21, p < 0.0001 | d = 0.43, p = 0.05 | d = –0.82, p = 0.0007 | d = –1.28, p < 0.0001 |
| Attention/working memoryf | 0.07 ± 0.10 | –0.08 ± 0.12 | –1.08 ± 0.10 | f2 = 0.47, p < 0.0001 | d = –0.22, p = 0.32 | d = –1.75, p < 0.0001 | d = –1.57, p < 0.0001 |
| Speed of information processingg | –0.05 ± 0.10 | 0.16 ± 0.09 | –0.57 ± 0.10 | f2 = 0.20, p < 0.0001 | d = 0.33, p = 0.13 | d = –0.82, p = 0.0008 | d = –1.35, p < 0.0001 |
| Learningh | 0.21 ± 0.09 | 0.27 ± 0.09 | –0.83 ± 0.17 | f2 = 0.40, p < 0.0001 | d = 0.09, p = 0.69 | d = –1.29, p < 0.0001 | d = –1.47, p < 0.0001 |
| Memoryi | 0.22 ± 0.09 | 0.16 ± 0.08 | –0.68 ± 0.15 | f2 = 0.33, p < 0.0001 | d = –0.10, p = 0.63 | d = –1.19, p < 0.0001 | d = –1.25, p < 0.0001 |
| Global | 0.09 ± 0.07 | 0.17 ± 0.06 | –0.74 ± 0.07 | f2 = 0.73, p < 0.0001 | d = 0.19, p = 0.38 | d = –1.89, p < 0.0001 | d = –2.53, p < 0.0001 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard error, except where otherwise noted.
Key: ANOVA, analysis of variance; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies-depression scale; ES, effect size; HAND, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder; HIV+NC, HIV subjects with normal cognition; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; MSK, Memorial Sloan-Kettering; OR, odds ratio; SN, seronegative control subjects.
Estimated verbal intelligence quotient is derived from the National Adult Reading Test.
Z-scores are normalized to 342 SN, evaluated with the same tests scripted for the administration (and adjusted for age and education).
Motor skills: Grooved Pegboard, dominant and nondominant hands.
Fluency: Ruff Figural Fluency Test and Verbal Fluency (with letters FAS).
Executive Function: Stroop Interference and Trail Making Test B.
Attention/working memory: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III Digit Span Backward, Letter-Number Sequencing, Arithmetic and Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test 1.
Speed of information processing: Symbol Digit, Trail Making Test A, Stroop Color Naming, and California Computerized Assessment Package Simple Reaction Time.
Learning: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test Trial 5 and Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure Test (Immediate Recall).
Memory: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test Delayed Recall (Trial 7) and Rey Complex Figure Delayed Recall.