Table 1.
Behavioral categories, abbreviations, and definitionsa
| SPECIES-TYPICAL: | ||
| Passive visual | (VIS) | Animal is standing or sitting motionless with eyes open |
| Rest/Sleep posture | (RSP) | Idiosyncratic posture adopted by monkeys during rest or sleep; eyes closed, easily roused by external stimulation (e.g., tapping on cage) |
| Locomotion | (LOC) | At least two directed steps in the horizontal and/or vertical plane |
| Tactile/oral exploration | (TAC) | Any tactile or oral manipulation of the cage or environment |
| Forage | (FOR) | Sweeping and/or picking through wood chip substrate |
| Self-groom | (GRM) | Picking, scraping, spreading or licking of an animal’s own hair |
| Scratch | (SCR) | Vigorous strokes of the hair with the finger or toenails |
| Vocalization | (VOC) | Species-typical sounds emitted by monkey (not differentiated into different types) |
| Yawn | (YWN) | To open mouth wide and expose teeth |
| Present | (PRE) | Posture involving presentation of rump, belly, flank, and/or neck) to observer or other monkey |
| Threat/aggress | (THR) | Multifaceted display involving one or more of the following: open mouth stare with teeth partially exposed, eyebrows lifted, ears flattened or flapping, rigid body posture, piloerection, attack (e.g., biting, slapping) of inanimate object or other monkey |
| Fear grimace | (FGR) | Grin-like facial expression involving the retraction of the lips exposing clenched teeth; may be accompanied by flattened ears, stiff, huddled body posture, screech/chattering vocalizations |
| Body spasm | (BSP) | An involuntary twitch or shudder of the entire body; also “wet dog” shake |
| Lip smack | (LIP) | Pursing the lips and moving them together to produce a smacking sound; often accompanied by moaning |
| Cage shake | (CSH) | Any vigorous shaking of the cage that may or may not make noise |
| Stereotypy | (STY) | Any repetitive, ritualized pattern of behavior that serves no obvious function |
| Other | (OTH) | Any notable behavior not indicated above (e.g., masturbation, nose rub, lip droop, vomit/retch) |
| PROCEDURE-RELATED: | ||
| Lever press | (LVR) | Depression of lever manipulanda on the drinking panel |
| Drink | (DRI) | Mouth contact to fluid delivery sippers |
| DRUG-INDUCED: | ||
| Ataxia | (ATX) | Any slip, trip, fall or loss of balance |
| Procumbent posture | (PRO) | Loose-limbed posture (sitting or lying on cage bottom) accompanied by eye closure; not easily aroused by external stimulation (e.g., tapping on cage) |
a
Adapted from Novak et al., 1992; Weerts et al., 1998; Platt et al., 2000, 2002.