Table 1.
Summary of hormones affects whole-body energy balance and their effects on AMPK
| Hormone | Target Cell | Effect on AMPK and Mechanism | Overall Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ghrelin | Neurons in arcuate nucleus | Activation by CaMKKβ | Increased appetite/food intake |
| Leptin | Neurons in arcuate nucleus | Inhibition (S487/S491 phosphorylation?) | Decreased appetite/food intake |
| Insulin | Neurons in arcuate nucleus | Inhibition (S487/S491 phosphorylation?) | Decreased appetite/food intake |
| Insulin | Other tissues | Inhibition (S487/S491 phosphorylation?) | Enhanced biosynthesis, energy storage |
| Adiponectin | Neurons in arcuate nucleus | Activation via AdipoRI | Increased appetite/food intake |
| Adiponectin | Skeletal muscle, other tissues | Activation via AdipoRI | Increased fat oxidation/energy expenditure |
| T3 | Neurons in ventromedial hypothalamus | Inhibition by unknown mechanism | Activation of sympathetic nervous system |