Table 3. Changes in physical performance, walking ability, daily physical activity, and health-related quality of life in intervention group subjects and control subjects after 12 months of intervention.
| Intervention group |
Control group |
P | |
| Physical performanced | |||
| Lower-limb strength (kg) | 5.0c | −1.2 | 0.004 |
| Grip strength (kg) | −0.2 | −2.6c | <0.001 |
| Timed 1-legged standing (sec) | 0 | 0.3 | 0.99 |
| Sit-and-reach test (cm) | 8.5c | 0 | <0.001 |
| 6-minute walking distance (m)e | 18.0 | −37.0a | 0.022 |
| Walking abilityf | |||
| Walking speed (m/sec) | 0.15 | −0.09b | 0.005 |
| Stride length (m) | 0.06 | −0.03c | 0.002 |
| Knee joint angle (°) | −3.1 | −3.6 | 0.56 |
| Trunk angle (°) | −1.9 | −0.8 | 0.69 |
| Thigh angle (°) | 2.7 | 1.8 | 0.31 |
| Daily physical activityg | |||
| Total steps per day | −269c | −205c | 0.96 |
| Energy expenditure (kcal/day) | −11b | −31b | 0.78 |
| Health-related quality of lifeh | |||
| IADL | 1.0b | 0.5 | 0.38 |
| MMSE | 2.0 | 1.0b | 0.75 |
| PGC-morale scale | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.44 |
| GDS | 0.0 | −0.5 | 0.77 |
| TMIG-IC | 0.0 | −1.0 | 0.12 |
| Falls efficacy scale | 4.0c | −0.5 | 0.06 |
Values are shown as the median of individual changes after the intervention period in each group. The P value was calculated for the difference between the 2 groups by using the Mann-Whitney U test. IADL, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; PGC-morale scale, Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; TMIG-IC, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence.
aP = 0.05, bP < 0.05, cP < 0.01 for the difference between the measurements before and after the intervention period on the signed rank test.
dn = 24 for the intervention group and 23 for the control group, except for 6-minute walking distance.
en = 21 for the intervention group and 21 for the control group.
fn = 16 for the intervention group and 17 for the control group.
gn = 21 for the intervention group and 17 for the control group.
hn = 23 for the intervention group and 26 for the control group.