Table 1.
Reciprocal function between Trx1 and Txnip.
| Biological event (tissue/cell type) | Trx | Txnip | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| β-cell apoptosis (islet β-cells) | Protect | Promote | (28, 55–57, 62–65, 67, 68) |
| Gluconeogenesis (liver) | No report | Activate | (70) |
| Glucose uptake (muscle, adipose) | No report | Suppress | (28, 59, 71) |
| Insulin secretion (islet β-cells) | No report | Suppress | (28, 36) |
| Insulin sensitivity (muscle, adipose) | No report | Suppress | (28, 36, 59, 71, 72) |
| Inflammation (many cell types) | Suppress | Activate | (29, 75, 78, 82, 84, 89) |
| NLRP3 inflammasome (macrophage, islet) | Suppress | Activate | (29) |
| IL-2 responsive (T cell) | Positive | Negative | (80, 81) |
| Neurodegenerative (brain) | Protect | Promote | (53, 54, 93) |
| Adiposity/obesity (adipose, liver) | No report | Suppress | (28, 33–36, 72) |
| ROS production (many cell types) | Reduce | Increase | (20) |
| Cellular survival (many cell types) | Promote | Inhibit | (19, 20, 42) |
| Metastasis (many cell types) | No effect | Suppress | (99, 100) |
| Carcinoma (liver, bladder) | No effect | Suppress | (94–97) |
| Cardiac hypertrophy (heart) | Protect | Promote | (32) |