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. 2013 Nov 23;99(1):162–171. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.071928

TABLE 3.

Weight status and total dietary intake by degree of fast food consumption and dietary pattern for the remainder of diet among US children1

Prudent dietary pattern2
 Western dietary pattern
FF nonconsumer3(n = 1321) FF low-consumer(n = 792) FF high-consumer(n = 153) FF nonconsumer(n = 978) FF low-consumer(n = 891) FF high-consumer(n = 331) P-interaction4
Overweight/obese (%) 28.0 ± 1.45 25.1 ± 2.3 31.1 ± 5.9 33.4 ± 2.0 30.8 ± 2.9 40.4 ± 3.4* 0.9
Food groups (kcal/d)
 Milk 220 ± 6 214 ± 7 149 ± 14* 128 ± 7* 109 ± 5* 87 ± 7* 0.07
 Fruit 70 ± 3 74 ± 6 60 ± 5 35 ± 3* 30 ± 2* 21 ± 2* 0.5
 Vegetables6 15 ± 2 15 ± 2 8 ± 3 8 ± 1* 6 ± 1* 7 ± 2* 0.09
 SSBs7 69 ± 4 80 ± 6 79 ± 12 161 ± 6* 176 ± 9* 212 ± 14* 0.1
 French fries 13 ± 2 47 ± 6* 116 ± 14* 27 ± 3* 67 ± 4* 94 ± 9* 0.05
Nutrients
 Total energy (kcal/d) 1746 ± 19 1932 ± 36* 1760 ± 55 1847 ± 25* 2039 ± 40* 1934 ± 53* 0.7
 Fat (% of energy) 31.4 ± 0.3 31.8 ± 0.5 34.9 ± 0.8* 33.6 ± 0.4* 33.9 ± 0.3* 34.6 ± 0.4* 0.05
 Fiber (g/1000 kcal) 8.2 ± 0.2 8.1 ± 0.2 7.1 ± 0.3* 6.5 ± 0.1* 6.2 ± 0.1* 5.7 ± 0.1* 0.4
 Calcium (mg/1000 kcal) 651 ± 9 639 ± 11 546 ± 30* 505 ± 8* 480 ± 9* 479 ± 13* 0.02
1

Data are for 4466 children aged 2–18 y from NHANES 2007–2010. All results account for complex survey design and are weighted to be nationally representative. Each outcome was included as the dependent variable in a separate logistic (overweight/obesity) or linear (dietary outcomes) regression model with fast food consumption, dietary pattern for the remainder of diet, and fast food by dietary pattern interaction terms. *Significantly different from Prudent fast food nonconsumers (P < 0.05 with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, t test). All models were adjusted for age (age, age2), sex, race-ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican American, or other race-ethnicities), income (household income ≤130%, 131–185%, 186–350%, or >350% of the Federal Poverty Level), parental education (<high school, high school, some college, or college degree), 2-d mean total energy intake (age-group specific quintiles), and weight status (nonoverweight/obese, overweight, or obese) where appropriate. FF, fast food; SSB, sugar-sweetened beverage.

2

Dietary patterns for the remainder of intake outside the fast food restaurant were determined by cluster analysis by using standardized z scores for the percentage of non–fast food energy intake from each food group.

3

Fast food consumption is defined by the 2-d mean percentage of total energy intake from fast food restaurants: nonconsumers, 0% kcal from fast food; low-consumers, 0.1–30% kcal from fast food; high-consumers, >30% kcal from fast food.

4

Wald test of joint significance of interaction product terms for low- and high fast food consumption by Western dietary pattern.

5

Adjusted mean ± SE of outcome by combination of fast food consumption and dietary pattern (all such values).

6

Includes fresh, frozen, or canned nonstarchy vegetables.

7

Includes colas, fruit drinks, sports drinks, and energy drinks.