Table 3.
Regression coefficients and standard errors for Ordinary Least Squares regression models of past-week depressive symptoms (9-item CES-D, range 0–9) on an indicator of childhood poverty, adult socio-economic status and covariates for a national sample of Mexican adults born before 1951 (n=8696)
| Model 1 (Bivariate)
|
Model 2 (Add Covariates)
|
Model 3 (Add Education)
|
Model 4 (Add Other SES)
|
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | SE | b | SE | b | SE | b | SE | |||||
| No household sanitation facilities before age 10 | 0.71 | *** | (0.06) | 0.47 | *** | (0.06) | 0.35 | *** | (0.06) | 0.27 | *** | (0.06) |
| Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||||||||||
| 50 to 59 years old (Ref: Age 60 and older) | −0.19 | ** | (0.06) | −0.14 | * | (0.06) | −0.13 | * | (0.06) | |||
| Female | 0.75 | *** | (0.06) | 0.70 | *** | (0.06) | 0.72 | *** | (0.06) | |||
| Marital status (Ref: Married) | ||||||||||||
| Never married | 0.15 | (0.12) | 0.19 | (0.12) | 0.15 | (0.12) | ||||||
| Divorced/separated | 0.53 | *** | (0.08) | 0.52 | *** | (0.08) | 0.47 | *** | (0.09) | |||
| Widowed | 0.62 | *** | (0.07) | 0.59 | *** | (0.07) | 0.56 | *** | (0.07) | |||
| Urban residencea (Ref: Rural residence) | −0.19 | ** | (0.06) | −0.13 | * | (0.06) | −0.06 | (0.06) | ||||
| Residence in high out-migration state (Ref: Other state)b | 0.37 | *** | (0.06) | 0.37 | *** | (0.06) | 0.39 | *** | (0.06) | |||
| Migration history (Ref: No migration history) | ||||||||||||
| Domestic migration | 0.06 | (0.06) | 0.07 | (0.06) | 0.07 | (0.06) | ||||||
| US migration | −0.04 | (0.10) | −0.03 | (0.10) | −0.02 | (0.10) | ||||||
| Health status | ||||||||||||
| Adverse childhood health event before age 10 | 0.55 | *** | (0.08) | 0.55 | *** | (0.08) | 0.56 | *** | (0.08) | |||
| Any chronic health condition, current | 0.45 | *** | (0.05) | 0.44 | *** | (0.05) | 0.44 | *** | (0.05) | |||
| Relative health status (Ref: Better than 2 years ago) | ||||||||||||
| Same as two years ago | −0.27 | ** | (0.08) | −0.25 | ** | (0.08) | −0.23 | ** | (0.08) | |||
| Worse than 2 years ago | 1.41 | *** | (0.09) | 1.38 | *** | (0.09) | 1.37 | *** | (0.09) | |||
| Socio-economic status | ||||||||||||
| Education (Ref: No formal education) | ||||||||||||
| Some primary school | −0.31 | *** | (0.06) | −0.21 | ** | (0.07) | ||||||
| Primary school or more | −1.00 | *** | (0.13) | −0.71 | *** | (0.13) | ||||||
| Domestic or agricultural occupationc | 0.18 | ** | (0.06) | |||||||||
| Monthly Income (Ref: 5th quintile, negative or no income)d | ||||||||||||
| 1st quintile (≥ USD $420.8) | −0.25 | ** | (0.08) | |||||||||
| 2nd quintile (≥ USD $178.3 to<$420.8) | −0.17 | * | (0.08) | |||||||||
| 3rd quintile (≥ USD $70.8 to<$178.3) | 0.05 | (0.08) | ||||||||||
| 4th quintile (≥ USD $0 to<USD $ 70.8) | 0.06 | (0.08) | ||||||||||
| Net Assets (Ref: 5th quintile, $3500 or less) | ||||||||||||
| 1st quintile (≥ USD $52256) | −0.34 | *** | (0.09) | |||||||||
| 2nd quintile (≥ USD $26900 to<$52256) | −0.26 | ** | (0.08) | |||||||||
| 3rd quintile (≥ USD $12900 to<$26900) | −0.07 | (0.08) | ||||||||||
| 4th quintile (> USD $3500 to<$12900) | −0.01 | (0.08) | ||||||||||
| Constant | 3.11 | *** | 2.09 | *** | 2.41 | *** | 2.46 | *** | ||||
| R-squared | 0.02 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.20 | ||||||||
| Adjusted Wald Test | 135.9 | *** | 142.3 | *** | 129.4 | *** | 86.0 | *** | ||||
Mexican Health and Aging Study, 2001
Urban residence defined as≥100, 000 residents
Based on 1990–1995 out-migration data (Durango, Guanajuato, Michoacan, Nayarit, Jalisco and Zacatecas)
Occupational categories included in the reference group are construction, service, professional, other, and no formal work history
Income and wealth data include net income and/or assets of the respondent and spouse or partner, if applicable. Income and wealth are provided in US dollars (US$1=10 pesos in 2000)
p<0.05,
p<0.01,
p<0.001