Table 1. Specific regulation of HuR-target mRNAs encoding cancer proteins.
Listed are HuR target transcripts, the regions (3′UTR, 5′UTR) where the binding sites are located, and HuR’s influence on the stability or translation of each mRNA. The main cancer traits influenced by the encoded proteins are indicated under ‘Main Cancer Traits’.
| Target mRNA | Binding Site | Influence on mRNA | Main Cancer Traits | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cyclin D1 | 3′UTR | Stability ↑ | Proliferation | (37) |
| Cyclin E1 | 3′UTR | Stability ↑ | Proliferation | (74,75) |
| Cyclin A2 | 3′UTR | Stability ↑ Translation ↑ | Proliferation | (25,26,31) |
| Cyclin B1 | 3′UTR | Stability ↑ | Proliferation | (26,31,66) |
| p27 | 5′UTR | Translation ↓ | Proliferation, Survival | (50) |
| EGF | 3′UTR | ↑ (n.d.) | Proliferation, Survival | (83) |
| eIF4E | 3′UTR | Stability ↑ | Proliferation, Survival | (86) |
| ProTα | 3′UTR | Translation ↑ | Proliferation, Survival | (55) |
| Bcl-2 | 3′UTR | Stability ↑ Translation ↑ | Survival | (39,91) |
| Mcl-1 | n.d. | Stability ↑ | Survival | (39) |
| SIRT1 | 3′UTR | Stability ↑ | Survival | (14) |
| p21 | 3′UTR | Stability ↑ | Proliferation, Survival | (17,32) |
| Mdm-2 | n.d. | Stability ↑ | Survival | (100) |
| c-Myc | 3′UTR | Translation ↓ | Proliferation, Survival | (53,103) |
| HIF-1α | 5′UTR, 3′UTR | Stability ↑ | Angiogenesis, Survival | (83,111) |
| VEGF | 3′UTR | Stability ↑ Translation ↑ | Angiogenesis, Proliferation | (30,117) |
| COX-2 | 3′UTR | Stability ↑ | Angiogenesis | (120,121) |
| TSP1* | 3′UTR | Translation ↑ | Angiogenesis | (62) |
| TGF-β | 3′UTR | ↑ (n.d.) | Immunity/inflammation | (136) |
| Snail | 3′UTR | Stability ↑ | Invasion | (138) |
| MMP-9 | 3′UTR | Stability ↑ | Invasion | (146, 147) |
| uPA | 3′UTR | Stability ↑ | Invasion | (36) |
| uPAR | 3′UTR | Stability ↑ | Invasion | (36) |
|
| ||||
| BRCA1 | 3′UTR | ↓ (n.d.) | Tumor suppression | (156) |
| Wnt5a | 3′UTR | Translation ↓ | Oncogenesis | (52) |
| c-fms | 3′UTR | Stability ↑ | Oncogenesis | (154) |
| ARHI | 3′UTR | Stability ↑ | Tumor suppression | (159) |
Bottom, HuR target mRNAs encoding proteins with broad cancer-related functions. ↑, HuR stabilizes or increases translation; ↓, HuR represses translation;
*
the interaction of HuR with TSP1 mRNA declines in cancer. n.d., molecular mechanisms not determined.