. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Sep 16.

Published in final edited form as: Behav Brain Sci. 2008 Aug;31(4):415–487. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X0800472X

Table 1.

Theories of addiction

Opponent processes	Changes in allostatic and homeostatic needs	^a
Hedonic processes	Pharmacological access to hedonically positive signals	^b
Incentive salience	Sensitization of motivational signals	^c
Noncompensable DA	Leading to an overvaluation of drug-seeking	^d
Impulsivity	Overemphasis on a buy-now, pay-later strategy	^e
Illusion of control	Misclassification of wins and losses	^f
Shifting balances	Development of habits over flexible systems	^g