Table 2.
Clinical manipulation of angiogenesis.
| Therapeutic goal | Diseases | Definitions/symptoms | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inhibition of angiogenesis | Hemangiomas | Benign and usually a self-involuting tumor (swelling or growth) of the endothelial cells that line blood vessels and is characterised by increased number of normal or abnormal vessels filled with blood | [86] |
| Psoriasis | Immune-mediated disease that affects the skin. The immune system mistakes a normal skin cell for a pathogen and sends out faulty signals that cause overproduction of new skin cells | [37] | |
| Kaposi's sarcoma | Tumor caused by human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) | [87] | |
| Ocular neovascularization | Abnormal or excessive formation of blood vessels in the eye | [88] | |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | Inflammatory response of the capsule around the joints (synovium), secondary to swelling (hyperplasia) of synovial cells, excess synovial fluid, and the development of fibrous tissue (pannus) in the synovium | [36] | |
| Endometriosis | A gynecological medical condition in which cells from the lining of the uterus (endometrium) appear and flourish outside the uterine cavity, most commonly on the membrane which lines the abdominal cavity | [89] | |
| Atherosclerosis | Artery wall thickens caused largely by the accumulation of macrophage white blood cells and promoted by low-density lipoproteins (LDL, plasma proteins that carry cholesterol and triglycerides) | [35] | |
| Tumor growth and metastasis | Tumor-associated neovascularization is involved in tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis | [4] | |
|
| |||
| Stimulation of angiogenesis | Induction of collateral vessel formation: Myocardial ischemia, Peripheral ischemia, Cerebral ischemia | After blood vessels blockage (occulsion), collateral vessels can be developed to improve blood supply to the area. | [90] |
| Wound healing | Intricate process in which the skin (or another organ-tissue) repairs itself after injury. Angiogenesis occurs concurrently with fibroblast proliferation when endothelial cells migrate to the area of the wound | [91] | |
| Reconstructive surgery | Surgery to restore the form and function of the body | ||