. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Aug 6.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Prev Med. 2010 Feb;38(2):217–229. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.11.005

Table 3.

Results of studies evaluating the relationship between alcohol prices or taxes and motor-vehicle crashes

Study	Independent variable	Dependent variable	Elasticity (p-value)
Price elasticity studies
Cook (1981)⁹³	Ethanol price^a	Fatalities	−0.70 (NR)
Adrian (2001)⁴⁴	Ethanol price^a	Alcohol-related crashes	−1.20 (<0.05)
Sloan (1994)⁷²	Ethanol price^a	Fatalities	<0 (>0.05)
Whetten-Goldstein (2000)¹⁰⁰	Ethanol price^a	Alcohol-related fatalities	<0 (>0.05)
Tax elasticity studies
Chaloupka (1993)²⁶	Beer tax	Alcohol-related fatalities, all ages	−0.097 (<0.05)
	Beer tax	Alcohol-related fatalities, youth aged 18–20 years	−0.156 (<0.05)
Evans (1991)⁸⁶	Beer tax	Single-vehicle nighttime fatalities	−0.12 (<0.05)
Ruhm (1996)³⁰	Beer tax	Nighttime fatalities, youth aged 15–24 years (by age)	−0.18 (<0.05)
Saffer (1987)⁴²	Beer tax	Fatalities, youth aged 15–24 years (by age)	−0.18 to −0.27 (all <0.05)
Ruhm (1995)²⁹	Beer tax	Fatalities	<0 (<0.05)
Mast (1999)⁹⁸	Beer tax	Fatalities	<0 (<0.05)
Dee (1999)²⁴	Beer tax	Nighttime fatalities, youth aged 18–20 years	<0 (<0.05)

Average price per ounce of ethanol across beer, wine, and spirits