Table 4.
Adjusted Differences of Cognitive Decline in Standardized Scores (Standard Error Estimates in Parentheses) between Participants with High Level Baseline Leisure Activities and Those with Low Level Activities
| Types of Activities | Global Cognition | Episodic Memory | Language | Executive Function |
| Total population | ||||
| Mental (scores ≥7 vs. <7) | −.23 (.06)** | −.04 (.05) | −.11 (.06)* | −.13 (.06)* |
| Physical (scores >0 vs. 0) | .01 (.05) | −.08 (.04)* | −.15 (.05)** | .04 (.05) |
| Social (scores ≥.25 vs. <.25) | −.13 (.05) * | .01 (.04) | .01 (.05) | .03 (.05) |
| Female | ||||
| Mental (scores ≥7 vs. <7) | −.26 (.09)** | −.08 (.06) | −.11 (.07) | −.14 (.09) |
| Physical (scores >0 vs. 0) | .06 (.08) | −.04 (.05) | −.12 (.06)* | .04 (.08) |
| Social (scores ≥.25 vs. <.25) | −.21 (.08)** | −.03 (.05) | −.02 (.06) | .04 (.08) |
| Male | ||||
| Mental (scores ≥7 vs. <7) | −.19 (.1)* | −.01 (.07) | −.12 (.09) | −.12 (.10) |
| Physical (scores >0 vs. 0) | −.03 (.07) | −.10 (.05) | −.17 (.07)* | .04 (.07) |
| Social (scores ≥.25 vs. <.25) | −.08 (.07) | .03 (.06) | .03 (.07) | .03 (.07) |
Notes:
*p < .05, **p < .01
Results were derived from analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models adjusting for age, gender, education, history of stroke, body mass index, APOE status, and baseline cognitive scores.
Positive parameter estimates indicate more cognitive decline while negative parameter estimates indicate less cognitive decline.