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Schematic representation of the proposed role of ROS in viral-induced NF-κB activation. After initial activation of the IKK complex, leading to phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and degradation of IκBα, NF-κB is phosphorylated on multiple serine residues through different redox-sensitive pathways involving the MSK1 kinase as well as TLR3 activation. IκB, inhibitor of kappa B. MSK1, mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1; TLR, Toll-like receptor.
