Fig. 3.
Astrocyte calcium mobilization in response to ATP stimulation is impaired in anesthetized animals. (A) ATP was microinjected into the cortex in vivo using a fine glass electrode, and astrocyte calcium responses were recorded using 2PLSM before, during, and after general anesthesia. (B) Representative false-color images illustrate the calcium response to ATP application. To standardize the distance from ATP microinjection to the astrocytes chosen for analysis, two concentric circles were drawn (radius, 25 and 100 μm), and cells within this range were used. (Scale bar: 30 μm.) (C) Representative ΔF/F0 traces of ATP-evoked calcium transients in awake and anesthetized mice. (D) Bar graph summarizing the effect of anesthesia on ATP-evoked calcium signals. *P < 0. 01 (awake vs. anesthesia); **P < 0.001 (anesthesia vs. recovery) (n = 137 cells; paired t test). (E) Representative individual ATP-responses illustrating the detailed effects of anesthesia. (F and G) Mean calcium-response amplitude and duration, respectively, before and after anesthesia induction. *P < 0.01 (n = 137 cells; paired t test). Data are shown as means ± SEM.