TABLE 1.
Comparison of characteristics of patients (n = 82) with a second episode of CDI
| Demographic | No. of casesa |
OR (95% CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Relapse (n = 51) | Reinfection (n = 31) | |||
| Age (median, range) | 64 (29–87) | 64 (18–93) | 1.0 (0.97, 1.02) | 0.57 |
| Male gender | 24 (47.1) | 14 (45.2) | 1.1 (0.4, 2.6) | 0.87 |
| Black race | 13 (25.5) | 9 (29.0) | 0.8 (0.3, 2.3) | 0.73 |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| Modified Charlson index (median, range) | 5 (0–11) | 4 (0–16) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | 0.92 |
| Chronic renal insufficiency | 17 (33.3) | 9 (29.0) | 1.2 (0.5, 3.2) | 0.69 |
| Diabetes | 20 (39.2) | 12 (38.7) | 1.0 (0.4, 2.6) | 0.96 |
| Diverticulosis | 9 (17.6) | 5 (16.1) | 1.1 (0.3, 3.7) | 0.86 |
| Infection | 32 (62.7) | 17 (54.8) | 1.4 (0.6, 3.4) | 0.48 |
| Ischemic vascular disease | 21 (41.2) | 17 (54.8) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.4) | 0.23 |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 2 (3.9) | 4 (12.9) | 0.3 (<0.1, 1.6) | 0.15 |
| Immunocompromised host | 23 (45.1) | 16 (51.6) | 0.8 (0.3, 1.9) | 0.57 |
| Lung disease | 13 (25.5) | 14 (45.2) | 0.4 (0.2, 1.1) | 0.07 |
| Malignancy | 20 (39.2) | 5 (16.1) | 3.4 (1.1, 10.2) | 0.03 |
| Neurologic disorder | 3 (5.9) | 7 (22.6) | 0.2 (<0.1, 0.9) | 0.04 |
| Obesity | 6 (11.8) | 1 (3.2) | 4.0 (0.5, 34.9) | 0.21 |
| Abdominal surgery | 24 (47.1) | 14 (45.2) | 1.1 (0.4, 2.6) | 0.87 |
| Medication use (during 1st episode) | ||||
| Metronidazole as CDI treatment | 34 (69.4) | 22 (71.0) | 0.9 (0.3, 2.5) | 0.88 |
| Non-CDI antibiotic | 34 (66.7) | 26 (83.9) | 0.4 (0.1, 1.2) | 0.09 |
| Antimotility (excluding opiates) | 8 (16.3) | 2 (6.5) | 2.8 (0.6, 14.3) | 0.21 |
| Antacid | 17 (34.7) | 6 (19.4) | 2.2 (0.8, 6.4) | 0.14 |
| PPI | 28 (57.1) | 16 (51.6) | 1.2 (0.5, 3.1) | 0.63 |
| Opiate(s) | 30 (61.2) | 10 (32.3) | 3.3 (1.3, 8.6) | 0.01 |
| Probiotic(s) | 17 (34.7) | 16 (51.6) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.2) | 0.14 |
| Tube feeding (12 wk prior to 2nd episode) | 19 (37.3) | 15 (48.4) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.6) | 0.32 |
| Exposures (following 1st episode) | ||||
| Healthcare facility since discharge for previous episode | 44 (86.3) | 27 (90.0) | 0.7 (0.2, 2.9) | 0.62 |
| Homeb | 13 (25.5) | 5 (16.7) | 1.7 (0.5, 5.4) | 0.36 |
| Antibiotic(s) (outpatient/outside hospital) | 25 (50.0) | 22 (73.3) | 0.4 (0.1, 1.0) | 0.04 |
| Antimicrobial(s) (12 wk prior to 2nd episode) | 40 (81.6) | 29 (93.5) | 0.3 (<0.1, 1.5) | 0.15 |
| Characteristics of index case | ||||
| Infection with BI/NAP1/027 strain | 29 (56.9) | 8 (25.8) | 3.8 (1.4, 10.1) | 0.008 |
| High (>3) CD prognosis score | 9 (17.6) | 6 (19.4) | 0.9 (0.3, 2.8) | 0.85 |
| Radiologic abnormality | 25 (49.0) | 10 (32.3) | 2.0 (0.8, 5.1) | 0.14 |
| No. (range) of days between positive cultures | 40 (17–402) | 90 (18–1,260) | 1.0 (0.99, 1.00) | 0.01 |
| Median (range) no. of days of hospitalization | 15 (0–257) | 10 (0–122) | 1.0 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.45 |
a
Data in parentheses represent percentages except where otherwise indicated.
b
Data exclude patients exposed to rehabilitation and skilled-nursing facilities or other hospitals prior to discharge.