Table 1. Patient Characteristics by Diagnosis and Clinical Outcome.
| Cohort Characteristics | Total Cohort | Patients With Clinical Events (Death or Dialysis)* | Patients Without Clinical Events | Patients With iAKI† | Patients With pAKI, Stable CKD, or Normal Function | Patients With Unclear Diagnosis‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 1,635 | 72 | 1,563 | 96 | 1,138 | 401 |
|
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| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, yrs | 64.4 ± 18.7 | 70.9 ± 16.9§ | 64.1 ± 18.7 | 67.7 ± 17.6‖ | 63.2 ± 18.8 | 67.0 ± 18.3§ |
| White | 67.6 | 84.7§ | 68.7 | 80.2‖ | 68.8 | 61.9§ |
| Black | 9.5 | 5.6 | 9.9 | 7.3 | 10.0 | 8.6 |
| Hispanic ethnicity | 18.1 | 6.9§ | 19.1 | 11.5 | 18.8 | 17.8 |
| Female | 47.7 | 58.3 | 52.0 | 47.9 | 54.4 | 52.3 |
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| Admission diagnosis | ||||||
| Primary renal disease | 0.8 | 8.3¶ | 0.4 | 9.4¶ | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| Kidney stones or other post-renal processes | 2.4 | 1.4 | 2.4 | 22.9¶ | 0.6 | 2.5 |
| Acute coronary syndrome/ acute myocardial infarction | 3.6 | 0 | 3.8 | 2.1 | 3.7 | 3.7 |
| Decompensated congestive heart failure | 8.2 | 15.3‖ | 7.8 | 8.3 | 7.8 | 9.2 |
| Cardiac arrhythmia | 3.6 | 2.8 | 3.7 | 3.1 | 3.9 | 3.0 |
| Sepsis | 3.4 | 15.3¶ | 2.8 | 15.6¶ | 0.9 | 1.8¶ |
| Infection without sepsis | 22.6 | 13.9 | 23.0 | 17.7 | 20.5 | 29.7¶ |
| Liver disease | 2.1 | 11.1¶ | 1.7 | 9.4¶ | 1.6 | 1.7 |
| TIA or stroke | 4.0 | 8.3 | 3.8 | 1.0 | 4.8 | 2.7 |
| Malignancy | 4.8 | 15.3¶ | 4.3 | 12.5¶ | 4.4 | 4.0 |
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| Admission parameters | ||||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 137 ± 27 | 129 ± 28‖ | 137 ± 27 | 129 ± 33‖ | 137 ± 26 | 137 ± 29 |
| Heart rate, min−1 | 88 ± 21 | 91 ± 25 | 88 ± 21 | 92 ± 21‖ | 87 ± 21 | 90 ± 22‖ |
| Shock index ≥0.8 | 23.8 | 29.9 | 23.5 | 37.6§ | 21.7 | 26.6 |
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| Comorbid conditions | ||||||
| History of CKD (stage 3 or higher)# | 25.2 | 36.1§ | 22.6 | 37.5¶ | 19.6 | 37.0¶ |
| Diabetes | 29.4 | 37.5 | 29.0 | 36.5‖ | 25.6 | 38.3¶ |
| Hypertension | 60.9 | 69.4 | 60.5 | 59.4 | 59.3 | 70.0§ |
| Coronary artery disease | 23.2 | 23.9 | 23.2 | 20.8 | 23.6 | 22.7 |
| Congestive heart failure | 27.6 | 40.8‖ | 27.0 | 32.6 | 24.2 | 36.0¶ |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 5.6 | 4.2 | 5.7 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 6.6 |
| Cerebrovascular arterial disease | 6.5 | 8.5 | 6.4 | 5.2 | 6.2 | 7.6 |
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| Kidney function | ||||||
| Baseline sCr, mg/dl** | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 1.0 ± 0.6‖ | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.6¶ | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.5¶ |
| sCr at admission, mg/dl** | 1.1 ± 0.8 | 1.9 ± 2.3¶ | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 2.9 ± 3.4¶ | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.7¶ |
| Ratio of change in sCr level from baseline to admission** | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.9 ± 1.8¶ | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 2.5 ± 2.6¶ | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.4 |
| eGFR at admission, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 70.5 ± 33.2 | 43.3 ± 30.6¶ | 71.7 ± 31.7 | 28.8 ± 22.1¶ | 76.4 ± 31.8 | 63.6 ± 30.8¶ |
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| Clinical events | ||||||
| Death | 3.4 | — | — | 21.9¶ | 1.7 | 4.0 |
| In-hospital dialysis initiation | 1.5 | — | — | 17.7¶ | 0.3 | 1.3 |
| Death without previous dialysis | 2.9 | — | — | 15.6¶ | 1.6 | 3.5 |
| Death or inpatient dialysis | 4.4 | — | — | 33.3¶ | 1.8 | 4.7 |
| ICU admission | 14.4 | — | — | 29.2¶ | 11.8 | 18.2§ |
Values are n, mean ± SD, or %.
*
Compared with patients without clinical events.
†
Compared with patients with prerenal AKI, stable CKD or normal function.
‡
Compared with all adjudicated patients.
§
p < 0.01 (t test or chi-square test, as appropriate).
‖
p < 0.05 (t test or chi-square test, as appropriate).
¶
p < 0.001 (t test or chi-square test, as appropriate).
#
Defined by baseline eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2.
**
Geometric mean and SD.
CKD = chronic kidney disease; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; iAKI = intrinsic acute kidney injury; ICU = intensive care unit; pAKI = prerenal acute kidney injury; sCr = serum creatinine; TIA = transient ischemic attack.