Table 1.
Demographic, psychiatric, medical, and HIV disease characteristics of the four study groups.
| Variable | HIV− | HIV+ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||
| Young n = 43 | Old n = 44 | Young n = 31 | Old n = 61 | p * | |
| Demographic Characteristics | |||||
| Age | 29.2 (5.9) | 55.3 (4.1) | 31.4 (5.3) | 55.1 (4.5) | -- |
| Ethnicity (% Caucasian) | 46.5 | 68.2 | 38.7 | 70.5 | 0.005 |
| Gender (% male) | 67.4 | 63.6 | 83.9 | 80.3 | 0.100 |
| HDS Total | 15.1 (1.4) | 14.3 (2.3) | 13.6 (2.5) | 13.2 (3.0) | 0.001 |
| Global Rating | 3.5 (1.2) | 3.4 (1.2) | 3.7 (1.4) | 4.2 (1.6) | 0.010 |
| Global NPI (% impaired) | 20.9 (n=9) | 18.2 (n=8) | 22.6 (n=7) | 39.3 (n=24) | 0.060 |
| HAND Classifications | |||||
| ANI (%) | -- | -- | 71 (n=5) | 50% (n=12) | -- |
| MND (%) | -- | - | 29 (n=2) | 50% (n=12) | -- |
| HAD (%) | -- | -- | 0 (n=0) | 0 (n=0) | -- |
| Cognitive Reserve Components | |||||
| Education | 13.7 (2.2) | 14.3 (2.4) | 13.4 (2.4) | 14.0 (2.7) | 0.414 |
| HH Occupational Score | 3.8 (1.4) | 3.1 (1.1) | 3.5 (1.6) | 3.1 (1.0) | 0.021 |
| Estimated VIQ | 101.8 (8.9) | 104.2 (10.1) | 100.0 (10.2) | 101.8 (11.5) | 0.320 |
| Psychiatric Characteristics | |||||
| POMS Total1 | 36.0 [22.0, 60.0] | 37.5 [19.3, 56.0] | 37.0 [22.0, 79.0] | 51.5 [30.0, 76.2] | 0.032 |
| Current MDD (%) | 2.3 | 2.3 | 12.9 | 24.6 | <0.001 |
| Lifetime MDD (%) | 23.3 | 38.6 | 48.4 | 49.2 | 0.038 |
| Antidepressant Medication (% on) | 4.7 | 13.6 | 19.4 | 31.0 | 0.004 |
| Any Lifetime SUD (%) | 62.8 | 65.9 | 48.4 | 73.8 | 0.120 |
| MJ Utox (% positive) | 9.3 | 2.3 | 22.6 | 17.5 | 0.018 |
| Medical Characteristics | |||||
| Framingham 5-year Risk | 0.5 (0.4) | 1.7 (1.2) | 0.5 (0.3) | 2.0 (1.3) | < 0.001 |
| Medical Comorbidity Burden | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.7) | 0.2 (0.4) | 1.1 (1.0) | < 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular Disease (%) | 0 | 9.1 | 0 | 9.8 | 0.011 |
| Respiratory Disease (%) | 0 | 4.6 | 0 | 4.9 | 0.023 |
| Diabetes Mellitus (%) | 0 | 6.8 | 0 | 14.8 | 0.002 |
| Hepatitis C Virus (%) | 2.3 | 15.9 | 3.2 | 36.7 | < 0.001 |
| HIV Disease Characteristics | |||||
| Duration of Infection (years)1 | -- | -- | 4.6 [2.4, 10.8] | 17.9 [12.7, 21.6] | < 0.001 |
| CD4 Nadir (cells/μl)1 | -- | - | 247.0 [163.1, 345.0] | 148.0 [52.0, 250.0] | 0.012 |
| Plasma VL (% undetectable) | -- | - | 87.1 | 90.2 | 0.659 |
| CSF VL (% undetectable) | -- | - | 84.0 | 93.5 | 0.212 |
| AIDS (%) | -- | - | 29.0 | 65.6 | < 0.001 |
Note. Data represent means (SD) unless otherwise noted.
p-value reflects omnibus group difference.
median (interquartile range); HDS = HIV Dementia Scale; NPI =neuropsychological impairment; HAND = HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders; ANI = asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment; MND = minor neurocognitive disorder; HAD = HIV-associated dementia; HH = Hollingshead; VIQ = Verbal IQ (based on the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading); POMS Total = Profile of Mood States, total mood disturbance score; MDD = Major Depressive Disorder; SUD = substance use disorder; MJ = Marijuana; Utox = urine toxicology screen; CD4 = cluster of differentiation 4; AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome; VL = viral load; CSF = cerebrospinal fluid; cART = combined antiretroviral therapy.