Table 1.
Summary of risk factors measured at the first(1993-1993), second (1994–1998) and third (2000–2004) interviews. The third interview included retrospective assessments spanning five development periods (8–11 yrs, 12–14 yrs, 15–17 yrs, 18–21 yrs, and 22–25 yrs).
| Risk factors | Scales | Wave |
|---|---|---|
| Genetic risk | ||
| Alcohol|illicit drug problem | DSM-IV (115) | 2 |
| Externalizing disorder | DSM-IV (115), FH-RDC (71) | 1,2 |
| Childhood environmental risks | ||
| Church attendance at 8–17 yrsFS | Monitoring the Future (80, 81) | 3 |
| Household drug usea,FS | 3 | |
| Parental attitudes toward drugsa,FS | Monitoring the Future (80, 81) | 3 |
| Physical or sexual abuse | 1 | |
| Temperamental and symptom | ||
| Disruptive behavior at 15–17 yrsb,FS | DSM-IV (115) | 3 |
| NeuroticismFS | EPQ-R (116) | 1 |
| Sensation seekingFS | Sensation Seeking Scale (117) | 3 |
| Early onset anxiety disorder | DSM-IV (115) | 2 |
| Personal, family and social risks | ||
| Conduct disorder at 15–17 yrsFS | DSM-IV (115), DBD Scale (75) | 3 |
| Parental monitoringa,FS | Stattin (76), Kerr (78) | 3 |
| Peer group deviance at 15–17 yrsFS | Tarter (79), Johnston (80) | 3 |
| Alcohol/cannabis availability 8–25 yrsFS | Monitoring the Future (80, 81) | 3 |
Note: FH-RDC = Family History - Research Diagnostic Criteria, EPQ-R=Eysenck Personality Questionnaire - Revised, DBD = Disruptive Behavior Disorders.
FS
Individual Marginal Maximum Likelihood factor score calculated based on a single principle component.
a
Retrospective assessment period of “growing up” defined as ages 8–17 yrs or until left home.
b
Based on attention deficit, hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiance disorder psychiatric criterion.