TABLE 3—
Exposure to Childhood Abuse and Childhood Gender Nonconformity as Mediators of Sexual-Orientation Disparities in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Early Adulthood: United States, Growing Up Today Study, 2007 Wave
| Variable | Model 1: Sexual Orientation, RR (95% CI) | Model 2: Sexual Orientation and Childhood Abuse, RR (95% CI) | Mediation Proportion, Childhood Abuse, % | Model 3: Sexual Orientation, Childhood Abuse, and Gender Nonconformity, RR (95% CI) | Mediation Proportion, Gender Nonconformity, Adjusted for Abuse, % |
| Sexual orientation | |||||
| Heterosexual (Ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Heterosexual, same-sex sexual contact | 1.7* (1.1, 2.7) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.1) | 48.4* | 1.2 (0.8, 2.0) | 29.7 |
| Mostly heterosexual | 2.1*** (1.8, 2.5) | 1.6*** (1.3, 1.9) | 38.3*** | 1.6*** (1.3, 1.9) | 6.8* |
| Bisexual | 3.7*** (2.8, 5.0) | 2.4*** (1.8, 3.1) | 35.7*** | 2.3*** (1.7, 3.1) | 5.7 |
| Lesbian/gay | 2.8*** (1.7, 4.8) | 2.1** (1.2, 3.5) | 32.3* | 1.7 (0.9, 2.9) | 27.8 |
| Childhood abuse | |||||
| Sexual | 2.4*** (2.0, 2.8) | 2.5*** (2.1, 2.9) | |||
| Physical | 1.4*** (1.2, 1.7) | 1.4*** (1.2, 1.7) | |||
| Psychological | 2.0*** (1.6, 2.4) | 2.0*** (1.6, 2.4) | |||
| Childhood gender nonconformity | |||||
| Below median (Ref) | 1.0 | ||||
| Above median, below top decile | 1.2* (1.0, 1.4) | ||||
| Top decile | 1.4** (1.1, 1.7) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; RR = risk ratio. All models were adjusted for age at questionnaire return, race, and gender, or stratified by gender. The full sample size was n = 8968.
*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001 (2-sided Wald χ2).