Table 1.
Demographic and neuropsychological characteristics of participants
| Dependent measure | Younger | Older |
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| Modulating |
Nonmodulating |
|||||
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |
| N | 51 | 38 | 24 | |||
| Age | 21.7 | 2.6 | 72.7 | 6.7 | 74.3 | 5.8 |
| MMSE | 29.1 | 0.9 | 29.3 | 0.8 | 29.1 | 1.1 |
| CDR sum of boxes | — | — | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
| Geriatric Depression Scale | — | — | 4.6 | 3.8 | 4.2 | 4.3 |
| Education (years)a | 14.9 | 1.6 | 16.0 | 2.4 | 17.2 | 2.7 |
| Hollingshead SESb | 23.2 | 7.0 | 28.5 | 8.2 | 23.3 | 9.4 |
| # Medicationsa | 0.5 | 0.6 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 2.8 | 1.8 |
| # Health conditionsa | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.0 |
| FAS | 15.5 | 3.8 | 15.9 | 4.5 | 16.6 | 3.8 |
| AMNART estimated IQ | 117.7 | 4.7 | 121.1 | 7.4 | 119.3 | 8.2 |
| Letter-Number Sequencinga | 14.7 | 2.8 | 11.1 | 2.3 | 10.2 | 1.7 |
| Backward Digit Span | — | — | 8.4 | 1.9 | 7.4 | 2.3 |
| Trail Making B–A | — | — | 37.6 | 14.9 | 50.4 | 34.5 |
| Pattern matchinga | 20.9 | 2.8 | 12.7 | 2.8 | 11.4 | 2.2 |
| Number matchinga | 29.5 | 0.9 | 25.2 | 3.5 | 23.9 | 3.1 |
| Digit-Symbol | — | — | 53.8 | 11.0 | 50.0 | 9.6 |
| RAVLT (30 min recall)a | 13.1 | 2.1 | 10.0 | 4.2 | 9.3 | 3.4 |
| Sequence memorya | 4.6 | 3.7 | 7.8 | 3.9 | 8.2 | 4.5 |
| Logical Memory | — | — | 14.3 | 3.9 | 15.0 | 3.6 |
| Executive function compositeb | — | — | 0.24 | 0.85 | −0.38 | 1.11 |
| Speed of processing composite | — | — | 0.20 | 1.04 | −0.31 | 0.87 |
| Episodic memory composite | — | — | 0.03 | 1.00 | −0.05 | 1.02 |
Note: MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; AMNART, American version of the National Adult Reading Test; RAVLT, Ray auditory-verbal learning test; FDR, false discovery rate.
a
Main effect of age, P < 0.05, FDR corrected.
b
Significant difference between older modulating and nonmodulating groups, P < 0.05, FDR corrected. Higher Hollingshead SES scores indicate lower estimated SES. Some neuropsychological measures were administered in a separate session completed by the older adults only; data is therefore not available for the younger adults. Composite scores are in z-score units representing SD units away from the older group mean (M = 0).