Table 3.
Traditional knockout models.
| Model | Year | Other tissues affected | Highest stage of neoplasia | Castration resistance | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RARγ | 1993 | Seminal vesicles, wide array of developmental defects | Squamous cell metaplasia | Not determined | [147] |
| p27 | 1996 | Hyperplasia of many organs, infertility in females, pituitary tumors, increased overall body size | Hyperplasia & increased stromal cells | Not determined | [149–151] |
| Pten | 1998 | Gonads, germ cells, lymphoid cells, epidermis, uterus, endometrium, intestine, thyroid, adrenal gland | PIN | Not determined | [153, 154] |
| Nkx3.1 | 1999 | Salivary glands, bulbourethral gland, seminal vesicles | Hyperplasia & dysplasia | Not determined | [155–157] |
| Stat5a | 1997 | Mammary glands | None | Partial | [158–161] |
| Pten × p27 | 2001 | Endometrium, intestine, thyroid, adrenal gland | Adenocarcinoma | Not determined | [162] |
| Pten × Nkx3.1 | 2002 | Similar to Pten and Nkx3.1 models, though only prostate was reported on | LN metastasis | Yes | [163, 164] |
| Pten × p53 | 2009 | Similar to Pten model, though only prostate was reported on | HGPIN | Not determined | [165] |