Figure 1.
Repeated social defeat-induced c-Fos activation in the CNS was β-adrenergic-dependent. Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to one or three cycles of SDR, brains were collected immediately following the final cycle, and c-Fos staining was determined in the PFC, LS, BNST, PVN, MeA, and HPC. A, Representative pictures of c-Fos staining from the prefrontal cortex (20×) are shown. B, Average number of c-Fos-positive cells. C, D, In a related study, male C57BL/6 mice were injected subcutaneously with vehicle or propranolol (10 mg/kg) before each of the six cycles of social defeat. Brains were collected immediately after the sixth cycle of social disruption and c-Fos staining was determined as above. C, Representative pictures of c-Fos staining from the prefrontal cortex (20×) are shown. D, Average number of c-Fos-positive cells. Error bars represent the mean ± SEM (n = 6–8). Means with different letters (a, b, or c) are significantly different (p < 0.05) from each other.