. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Feb 1.

Published in final edited form as: Health Educ Behav. 2011 May 17;39(1):45–56. doi: 10.1177/1090198111406724

Table 2.

Means, standard deviations and Cronbach alphas for risk factors measured at the first survey for the Victorian (n = 1,747) and Washington State (n = 1,762) samples.

		Grade 7				Grade 9

Risk Factors	Victoria [Mean(SD)]	Washington State [Mean(SD)]	Victoria (α)	Washington State (α)	Victoria [Mean(SD)]	Washington State [Mean(SD)]	Victoria (α)	Washington State (α)
Individual risk factors
Favorable attitudes towards drug use	1.41(0.53)^***	1.28(0.51)	0.83	0.90	1.96(0.72)^***	1.64(0.68)	0.86	0.89
Antisocial behavior	1.06(0.19)	1.11(0.27)^***	0.38	0.37	1.14(0.35)	1.16(0.41)	0.61	0.61
Family risk factors
Poor family management	1.61(0.48)^**	1.54(0.51)	0.79	0.82	1.88(0.49)^***	1.76(0.51)	0.77	0.79
Family conflict	2.16(0.78)	2.19(0.82)	0.81	0.80	2.36(0.75)	2.34(0.74)	0.77	0.79
Parent attitudes favorable to drug use	1.38(0.48)^***	1.18(0.40)	0.72	0.83	1.71(0.62)^***	1.33(0.51)	0.76	0.83
Peer risk factors
Interaction with antisocial peers	0.19(0.33)	0.26(0.47)^***	0.67	0.82	0.37(0.56)	0.34(0.57)	0.82	0.85
Friends’ use of drugs	0.53(0.74)	0.54(0.84)	0.70	0.82	1.30(1.00)^**	1.14(1.11)	0.75	0.84
School risk factors
Academic failure	1.93(0.61)	2.10(0.73)^***	0.66	0.72	2.06(0.67)^*	2.00(0.72)	0.70	0.72
Low commitment to school	2.11(0.59)	2.13(0.59)	0.73	0.70	2.36(0.61)	2.32(0.56)	0.75	0.71
Community risk factors
Laws and norms favorable to drug use	1.97(0.57)	1.93(0.62)	0.76	0.81	2.36(0.57)^***	2.25(0.56)	0.75	0.77
Community enforcement	2.43(0.82)	2.42(0.88)	0.83	0.88	2.79(0.75)	2.85(0.75)	0.81	0.84
Community availability of drugs	1.69(0.72)	1.78(0.86)^*	0.78	0.85	2.35(0.82)	2.55(0.92)^***	0.82	0.86
	Victoria %		Washington State %		Victoria %		Washington State %

Individual risk factors
Current alcohol use	31.14^***		11.98		54.27^***		24.59
Current marijuana use	1.13		4.98^***		7.00		12.51^***
Societal Responses
Suspension	6.00		12.22^***		11.38		9.58
Arrests	0.68		2.25^**		2.52		4.90^**

p < .05;

^**

p < .01;

^***

p < .001;

α = Cronbach alpha