Table 2.
Associations of indicators of socio-economic position with breastfeeding and child outcomes in ALSPAC and Pelotas 1993
| Index of inequality in health outcome by socio-economic position |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALSPAC |
Pelotas |
||||||
| Health outcome Breastfeedinga | Indicator of socio-economic position | N | OR (95% CI) | P | N | OR (95% CI) | P |
| Breastfeeding at 3 months | Income | 5831 | 4.21 (3.43 to 5.16) | <0.001 | 1087 | 1.15 (0.72 to 1.82) | 0.6 |
| Social class | 5831 | 7.49 (6.12 to 9.18) | <0.001 | 1087 | 1.55 (0.96 to 2.51) | 0.08 | |
| Maternal education | 5831 | 12.96 (10.50 to 16.00) | <0.001 | 1087 | 1.49 (0.91 to 2.45) | 0.1 | |
| Paternal education | 5831 | 7.31 (6.00 to 8.89) | <0.001 | 1087 | 1.49 (0.91 to 2.43) | 0.1 | |
| Child outcomeb | N | Difference in outcome (95% CI) | P | N | Difference in outcome (95% CI) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | Income | 5218 | −2.04 (−2.90 to −1.17) | <0.001 | 1083 | −4.02 (−6.72 to −1.32) | 0.004 |
| Social class | 5218 | −2.41 (−3.29 to −1.53) | <0.001 | 1083 | −2.42 (−5.24 to 0.40) | 0.1 | |
| Maternal education | 5218 | −3.09 (−3.95 to −2.23) | <0.001 | 1083 | −3.60 (−6.55 to −0.65) | 0.02 | |
| Paternal education | 5218 | −2.50 (−3.36 to −1.65) | <0.001 | 1083 | −2.73 (−5.70 to 0.24) | 0.07 | |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | Income | 5218 | −1.41 (−2.05 to −0.76) | <0.001 | 1083 | −2.70 (−4.82 to −0.58) | 0.01 |
| Social class | 5218 | −1.08 (−1.74 to −0.42) | 0.001 | 1083 | −1.86 (−4.02 to 0.31) | 0.1 | |
| Maternal education | 5218 | −1.76 (−2.41 to −1.11) | <0.001 | 1083 | −1.87 (−4.28 to 0.53) | 0.1 | |
| Paternal education | 5218 | −1.40 (−2.13 to −0.85) | <0.001 | 1083 | −2.21 (−4.54 to 0.12) | 0.06 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | Income | 4867 | −0.53 (−0.81 to −0.24) | <0.001 | 1085 | 1.52 (0.75 to 2.28) | <0.001 |
| Social class | 4867 | −0.58 (−0.87 to −0.28) | <0.001 | 1085 | 0.83 (0.00 to 1.66) | 0.05 | |
| Maternal education | 4867 | −0.84 (−1.13 to −0.56) | <0.001 | 1085 | 1.25 (0.39 to 2.11) | 0.004 | |
| Paternal education | 4867 | −0.90 (−1.18 to −0.62) | <0.001 | 1085 | 1.59 (0.76 to 2.42) | <0.001 | |
| IQ | Income | 4904 | 14.49 (12.89 to 16.08) | <0.001 | 507 | 13.17 (8.52 to 17.83) | <0.001 |
| Social class | 4904 | 16.78 (15.15 to 18.40) | <0.001 | 507 | 16.86 (11.94 to 21.78) | <0.001 | |
| Maternal education | 4904 | 21.23 (19.70 to 22.77) | <0.001 | 507 | 20.86 (16.05 to 25.67) | <0.001 | |
| Paternal education | 4904 | 20.28 (18.75 to 21.81) | <0.001 | 507 | 12.41 (7.30 to 17.52) | <0.001 |
aFor breastfeeding as an outcome (binary), indices of inequality were assessed using logistic regression; associations reflect odds ratios for still breastfeeding at 3 months in the highest socioeconomic position (SEP) level vs the lowest level.
bFor child outcomes (continuous variables), indices of inequality were assessed using linear regression; associations reflect mean difference in outcome in the highest SEP level vs the lowest. SBP and DBP are adjusted for height at measurement.
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.