Table 4.
Prognostic Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer
| Biomarker | Mutation Frequency |
Prognosis | Evidence | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microsatellite Instability (MSI) | 15% | Favorable | Strong | Testing available but not yet widely used |
| Chromosome Instability (CIN) | 70% | Unfavorable | Strong | No readily available test, not in clinical use |
| 18qLOH/SMAD4 Loss | 50% | Unfavorable | Moderate | No readily available test, not in clinical use |
| BRAF V600E Mutations | 10% | Probably unfavorable | Moderate | Testing available but insufficient evidence to use for prognosis |
|
KRAS Codon 12/13 Mutations |
40% | Probably unfavorable in advanced disease |
Limited | Testing widely available but insufficient evidence to use for prognosis |
| PIK3CA Mutations | 20% | Possibly unfavorable | Limited | No readily available test, not in clinical use |