Fig. 1.
Activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells modulates glucose and fatty acid (FA) metabolism. Radiolabeled substrates (glucose and palmitate) were used to measure glucose and FA metabolism in C2C12 cells following 2 h of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment (500 ng/ml). In response to LPS, there was an increase in glucose uptake (A), glucose oxidation (B), and lactate presence (C) in the media. LPS treatment also resulted in a decrease in total FA oxidation {complete (CO2) and incomplete [acid soluble metabolites (ASMs)]} (D), increased FA partitioning to neutral lipid depots (E), and reductions in citrate synthase (CS; F) and β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (β-HAD; G) activities. Data are presented as means ± SE. *P < 0.05, control vs. LPS.