Table 2.
Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics as correlates of attitudes towards mental health help-seeking in six European countries (part II sample, N = 8,796), in percentages, adjusted regression coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (weighted data)
| % | Would go for professional help in case of a serious emotional problemd | Would feel comfortable talking about personal problemsd | Would be embarrassed if friends knew about professional helpd | Perceived effectiveness of professional helpd | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted coefficiente (95% CI) | Adjusted coefficiente (95% CI) | Adjusted coefficiente (95% CI) | Adjusted coefficiente (95% CI) | ||
| Socio-demographic characteristics | |||||
| Female (ref. = male) | 51.8 | 0.17 (0.10, 0.23) | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.07) | 0.08 (0.02, 0.14) | 0.08 (0.02, 0.15) |
| Age (in years) | |||||
| 18–24 | 11.4 | 0.16 (0.02, 0.30) | −0.12 (−0.25, 0.02) | −0.09 (−0.22, 0.04) | 0.16 (0.02, 0.30) |
| 25–34 | 18.4 | 0.23 (0.10, 0.35) | −0.00 (−0.12, 0.11) | −0.02 (−0.13, 0.09) | 0.19 (0.07, 0.31) |
| 35–44 | 19.6 | 0.29 (0.16, 0.41) | 0.04 (−0.08, 0.15) | 0.01 (−0.10, 0.12) | 0.20 (0.07, 0.32) |
| 45–54 | 16.0 | 0.24 (0.12, 0.36) | 0.09 (−0.02, 0.21) | 0.02 (−0.09, 0.13) | 0.20 (0.08, 0.32) |
| 54–64 | 14.0 | 0.13 (0.00, 0.25) | 0.02 (−0.09, 0.13) | 0.08 (−0.03, 0.18) | 0.18 (0.06, 0.30) |
| 65 or older | 20.6 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| P for trend | 0.001 | NS | NS | 0.013 | |
| At least 13 years of education (ref. = other) | 34.6 | 0.03 (−0.04, 0.11) | 0.02 (−0.05, 0.08) | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.08) | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.05) |
| Living with partner (ref. = other) | 66.8 | 0.10 (0.03, 0.18) | 0.04 (−0.03, 0.11) | 0.02 (−0.05, 0.09) | 0.06 (−0.01, 0.14) |
| Paid employment (ref. = other) | 56.5 | −0.02 (−0.10, 0.06) | 0.01 (−0.07, 0.09) | −0.03 (−0.11, 0.05) | 0.05 (−0.03, 0.14) |
| Incomea | |||||
| Low | 19.0 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Low-middle | 32.1 | 0.07 (−0.03, 0.16) | 0.06 (−0.02, 0.15) | 0.08 (−0.00, 0.17) | 0.01 (−0.08, 0.11) |
| High-middle | 33.2 | 0.13 (0.03, 0.22) | 0.08 (−0.00, 0.17) | 0.05 (−0.04, 0.14) | 0.01 (−0.08, 0.10) |
| High | 15.7 | 0.20 (0.09, 0.31) | 0.15 (0.05, 0.26) | 0.12 (0.02, 0.22) | −0.01 (−0.12, 0.10) |
| P for trend | 0.000 | 0.002 | NS | NS | |
| Urbanicity of place of residence | |||||
| Low | 33.2 | −0.02 (−0.11, 0.07) | −0.04 (−0.12, 0.05) | −0.08 (−0.17, −0.00) | 0.03 (−0.06, 0.12) |
| Middle | 38.7 | 0.04 (−0.04, 0.12) | 0.01 (−0.06, 0.09) | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.07) | 0.07 (−0.01, 0.15) |
| High | 28.1 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| P for trend | NS | NS | 0.034 | NS | |
| Countryb | |||||
| Belgium | 3.8 | −0.32 (−0.42, −0.22) | 0.02 (−0.08, 0.12) | 0.02 (−0.05, 0.09) | −0.14 (−0.22, −0.05) |
| France | 20.6 | −0.24 (−0.32, −0.16) | −0.03 (−0.11, 0.04) | −0.01 (−0.07, 0.06) | −0.16 (−0.24, −0.09) |
| Germany | 31.5 | −0.10 (−0.16, −0.03) | −0.34 (−0.40, −0.28) | −0.12 (−0.18, −0.06) | −0.16 (−0.22, −0.10) |
| Italy | 22.4 | 0.26 (0.20, 0.32) | 0.07 (0.01, 0.13) | −0.19 (−0.25, −0.13) | 0.26 (0.20, 0.32) |
| The Netherlands | 6.1 | −0.18 (−0.25, −0.10) | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.05) | 0.02 (−0.06, 0.10) | −0.40 (−0.47, −0.33) |
| Spain | 15.6 | 0.58 (0.51, 0.64) | 0.31 (0.25, 0.37) | 0.28 (0.22, 0.33) | 0.60 (0.53, 0.68) |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||
| Mood disorder (ref. = no) | 4.5 | 0.13 (0.02, 0.24) | 0.19 (0.08, 0.30) | 0.04 (−0.07, 0.14) | 0.16 (0.04, 0.29) |
| Anxiety disorder (ref. = no) | 7.9 | 0.00 (−0.12, 0.13) | −0.05 (−0.16, 0.07) | −0.00 (−0.11, 0.10) | −0.03 (−0.14, 0.09) |
| Alcohol disorder (ref. = no) | 0.7 | −0.57 (−0.93, −0.22) | −0.26 (−0.56, 0.04) | −0.31 (−0.89, 0.27) | −0.18 (−0.50, 0.15) |
| Previous mental disorder (ref. = no) | 13.9 | −0.08 (−0.17, 0.00) | 0.01 (−0.07, 0.09) | 0.00 (−0.07, 0.08) | 0.02 (−0.06, 0.11) |
| Emotional role impairments (ref. = no) | 9.3 | −0.01 (−0.12, 0.10) | −0.00 (−0.11, 0.10) | −0.08 (−0.18, 0.03) | −0.06 (−0.17, 0.06) |
| Parental psychiatric history (ref. = no) | 9.3 | 0.11 (−0.00, 0.21) | 0.05 (−0.05, 0.15) | 0.05 (−0.03, 0.13) | 0.05 (−0.05, 0.15) |
| Previous service usec | |||||
| None | 84.8 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| General health care only | 6.0 | 0.27 (0.14, 0.41) | 0.22 (0.10, 0.33) | 0.19 (0.09, 0.29) | 0.06 (−0.07, 0.20) |
| Mental health care | 9.2 | 0.36 (0.27, 0.46) | 0.33 (0.24, 0.42) | 0.24 (0.17, 0.32) | 0.09 (−0.01, 0.19) |
Significant coefficients are shown in bold
Ref refers to reference category, NS refers to non significant
aIncome with respect to the median value income of the country
bThe reference category is the grand mean, which allows one to test the deviation of each country from an “average European” effect
cPrevious service use assessed in the period before the past 12 months
dA higher score, ranging from 1 to 4, indicates a more positive attitude towards mental health help-seeking
eAdjusted for all variables in the table