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. 2009 Sep 1;32(9):1221–1228. doi: 10.1093/sleep/32.9.1221

Table 3.

Multivariate Associations of Baseline Characteristics with Prevalent, Incident, and Persistent Insomnia

Independent variable Associations with insomnia outcomes (OR, 95% CI)
Prevalence Incidence Persistence Symptom increase
Depression (present) 1.7 (1.1–2.4) 2.4 (1.4–4.2) 1.2 (0.6–2.4) 1.6 (1.0–2.4)
Number of physical disorders
    0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
    1 1.0 (0.7–1.7) 0.7 (0.4–1.4) 1.5 (0.5–4.1) 1.1 (0.7–1.8)
    2-3 1.5 (0.9–2.3) 1.7 (0.9–3.0) 1.6 (0.6–4.1) 1.2 (0.8–1.9)
    4+ 2.3 (1.4–3.6) 1.8 (1.0–3.5) 3.1 (1.2–8.1) 1.6 (1.0–2.5)
Gender (female) - - - 1.2 (0.9–1.6)
Previous education (absent) - - 0.6 (0.4–1.1) -
Housing (rented) 1.1 (0.7–1.7) - 1.6 (0.7–3.6) -
Past occupation (manual) - 2.9 (1.2–6.9) - 1.5 (0.9–2.7)
Current employment (not employed) 1.1 (0.8–1.5) - - -
Living area (urban) 1.2 (0.9–1.7) - - -
Social support deficit (present) 1.5 (1.1–2.0) - - -
Physical activity (inactive) 1.2 (0.9–1.6) 1.1 (0.7–1.8) - -
GMS anxiety (present) 1.4 (0.6–3.4) - - -

GMS: Geriatric Mental State Schedule.