Table 3.
Baseline Values and Changes in Insulin Resistance, Hormones, and Cytokines
| Measurement n = 27a | Baseline (BL) | Week 2–BL | Week 4–BL | Month 6–BL | Month 12–Month 6 | Month 12–BL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insulin sensitivity | ||||||
| HOMA | 4.73 (3.32, 5.93) | 0.07 (−1.27, 1.02) | −0.10 (−1.76, 0.55) | −0.91 (−2.31, 0.04) | 0.20 (−0.98, 0.85) | −0.86 (−2.10, 0.13) |
| p-value | 0.8335 | 0.3461 | 0.0068 | 0.9256 | 0.0003 | |
| Fasting Insulin (μIU/mL) | 18.33 (14.45, 23.26) | 1.25 (−5.08, 3.69) | −0.28 (−5.87, 2.05) | −3.29 (−9.35, −1.02) | 1.31 (−2.47, 4.53) | −3.68 (−7.43, −0.28) |
| p-value | 0.9628 | 0.4243 | 0.0022 | 0.3972 | 0.0014 | |
| Hormones Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 5.28 (3.44, 8.25) | −0.32 (−0.62, 0.29) | −0.12 (−0.97, 0.42) | 0.03 (−0.23, 1.14) | 0.36 (−0.38, 1.93) | 0.88 (0.22, 1.86) |
| p-value | 0.0747 | 0.2772 | 0.3972 | 0.0317 | 0.0014 | |
| Ghrelin (pg/mL) | 809.59 (511.47, 962.67) | −28.23 (−55.85, 52.69) | −19.87 (−97.22, 74.17) | 127.26 (84.16, 250.17) | −111.92 (−179.14, −46.36) | −9.24 (−65.22, 112.15) |
| p-value | 0.6231 | 0.7613 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.7435 | |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 23.17 (15.61, 43.89) | −1.84 (−6.28, −0.03) | −3.95 (−8.04, −0.61) | −5.46 (−11.89, −1.62) | 0.24 (−2.35, 5.23) | −4.74 (−6.52, −0.99) |
| p-value | 0.0276 | 0.0001 | <0.001 | 0.4107 | ||
| PYY (pg/mL) | 148.71 (125.52, 178.02) | 5.03 (−7.16, 26.20) | −0.31 (−12.63, 21.34) | −35.97 (−56.35, −20.53) | −18.31 (−30.08, −1.68) | −43.07 (−78.35, −38.67) |
| p-value | 0.0835 | 0.4243 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| NPY (pM) | 50.43 (44.54, 60.14) | −4.03 (−7.14, 4.76) | −0.08 (−6.87, 7.75) | −0.20 (−10.08, 2.92) | ||
| p-value | 0.2667 | 0.7389 | 0.2772 | |||
| IGF-1 (ng/mL) | 151.45 (90.48, 184.54) | −4.31 (−19.04, 29.31) | 3.30 (−13.87, 29.67) | 18.67 (−14.40, 57.03) | 61.61 (16.87, 85.48) | 73.00 (30.85, 128.46) |
| p-value | 0.8153 | 0.2772 | 0.024 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| IGFBP-1 (ng/mL) | 13.52 (7.75, 29.51) | 0.23 (−3.82, 16.29) | 0.48 (−2.25, 7.82) | −4.63 (−11.34, −0.50) | −1.22 (−4.24, 0.85) | −4.93 (−11.66, −2.95) |
| p-value | 0.4668 | 0.2178 | <0.001 | 0.0386 | <0.001 | |
| IGFBP-2 (ng/mL) | 111.99 (41.56, 394.56) | 28.70 (−18.71, 103.15) | 27.59 (−13.40, 104.99) | 17.58 (−88.53, 30.76) | 20.81 (−89.57, 75.09) | 0.00 (−107.15, 46.96) |
| p-value | 0.0276 | 0.0361 | 0.4383 | 0.8701 | 0.9116 | |
| IGFBP-3 (ng/mL) | 3257.32 (2830.47, 3655.17) | −80.54 (−349.02, 392.96) | 102.26 (−85.82, 268.95) | −164.69 (−363.89, 273.00) | −252.88 (−520.99, −103.55) | −417.10 (−556.82, −49.69) |
| p-value | 0.6231 | 0.2178 | 0.3585 | <0.001 | ||
| Growth hormone (ng/mL) | 0.09 (0.00, 0.63) | 0.00 (−0.12, 0.19) | 0.04 (0.00, 0.35) | 0.11 (−0.12, 0.13) | −0.02 (−0.10, 0.37) | 0.02 (−0.09, 0.84) |
| p-value | 0.5344 | 0.1572 | 0.3105 | 0.0929 | 0.3221 | |
| Cytokines IL-6 (pg/mL) | 5.35 (3.40, 9.15) | −1.17 (−2.86, 2.38) | 0.27 (−1.41, 2.14) | −0.06 (−1.93, 1.58) | ||
| p-value | 0.227 | 0.6909 | 0.9256 | |||
| IL-10 (pg/mL) | 0.02 (0.00, 1.39) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.31) | 0.00 (−0.40, 0.45) | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.09) | ||
| p-value | 0.5245 | 0.8911 | 0.6692 | |||
| TNF-alpha (pg/mL) | 9.42 (8.12, 11.86) | −0.15 (−1.09, 0.53) | 0.06 (−0.79, 1.25) | −0.25 (−1.62, 1.98) | ||
| p-value | 0.3221 | 0.8153 | 0.6567 | |||
| CRP (mg/L) | 2.55 (1.50, 6.10) | −0.25 (−0.90, 0.40) | −0.65 (−1.25, 0.70) | −0.45 (−1.00, 0.15) | −0.25 (−1.20, 0.70) | −0.45 (−1.30, 0.15) |
| p-value | 0.6312 | 0.2935 | 0.0373 | 0.2891 | 0.0148 | |
All data presented as median (25th, 75th percentile).
a
N may vary due to completeness of data collection. (N ranges from 22 to 27).