Table 2.
Adjusted incidence rates, hazard ratios, and 95% confidence intervals for cigarette use and lung carcinoma by sex.
| Men | Women | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking Variable | Person-years | No. | Age-standardized* incidence rates/105 person-years (95% CI) | Multivariate† adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) | Person-years | No. | Age-standardized* incidence rates/105 person-years (95% CI) | Multivariate† adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) | Multivariate† adjusted hazard ratio for women relative to men in each smoking category (95% CI) |
| Overall | 1,996,369 | 4,097 | 203.7 (197.4–209.9) | 1,338,587 | 2,237 | 168.7 (161.8–175.7) | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Never smoked cigarettes, pipes, or cigars | 498,237 | 99 | 20.3 (16.3–24.3) | 1.0 (ref) | 597,856 | 152 | 25.3 (21.3–29.3) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.3 (1.0–1.8) |
|
| |||||||||
| Never smoked cigarettes but smoked pipes or cigars | 110,149 | 38 | 33.2 (22.6–43.7) | 1.6 (1.1–2.4) | 455 | 1 | 235.4 (0–696.8) | 9.2 (1.3–66.3) | 6.6 (0.8–52.1) |
|
| |||||||||
| Stopped ≥ 10 years ago | |||||||||
| 1–10 cigarettes/day | 205,338 | 88 | 41.0 (32.4–49.6) | 2.0 (1.5–2.7) | 161,772 | 69 | 42.2 (32.2–52.1) | 1.7 (1.3–2.2) | 1.1 (0.8–1.7) |
| 11–20 cigarettes/day | 289,846 | 309 | 97.4 (86.4–108.4) | 4.7 (3.7–5.8) | 104,244 | 117 | 109.1 (89.3–128.9) | 4.4 (3.4–5.6) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) |
| 21–30 cigarettes/day | 185,612 | 323 | 162.5 (144.7–180.3) | 7.8 (6.2–9.8) | 50,534 | 91 | 180.0 (143.0–217.0) | 7.2 (5.5–9.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) |
| 30–40 cigarettes/day | 122,676 | 262 | 197.7 (173.6–221.8) | 9.4 (7.5–11.9) | 28,717 | 63 | 219.3 (165.2–273.5) | 8.8 (6.5–11.8) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) |
| > 40 cigarettes/day | 115,077 | 337 | 272.1 (242.8–301.4) | 12.8 (10.2–16.0) | 20,980 | 51 | 246.6 (178.9–314.3) | 9.9 (7.2–13.6) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) |
|
| |||||||||
| Stopped 5–10 years ago | |||||||||
| 1–10 cigarettes/day | 16,735 | 21 | 129.2 (73.9–184.5) | 6.0 (3.7–9.6) | 23,266 | 32 | 139.7 (91.2–188.1) | 5.5 (3.7–8.0) | 1.1 (0.6–2.2) |
| 11–20 cigarettes/day | 40,631 | 114 | 285.1 (232.8–337.5) | 13.0 (9.9–17.1) | 31,639 | 78 | 248.5 (193.3–303.7) | 9.7 (7.4–12.7) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) |
| 21–30 cigarettes/day | 36,115 | 136 | 388.6 (323.2–454.0) | 17.7 (13.7–23.0) | 19,049 | 70 | 378.6 (289.5–467.6) | 15.0 (11.3–20.0) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) |
| 30–40 cigarettes/day | 29,220 | 129 | 459.0 (379.4–538.5) | 20.8 (16.0–27.1) | 11,639 | 55 | 495.6 (363.9–627.3) | 19.5 (14.3–26.6) | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) |
| > 40 cigarettes/day | 24,978 | 150 | 645.6 (541.4–749.8) | 29.2 (22.6–37.7) | 8,046 | 29 | 382.8 (239.6–526.0) | 15.8 (10.6–23.5) | 0.6 (0.4–1.0) |
|
| |||||||||
| Stopped 1– <5 years ago | |||||||||
| 1–10 cigarettes/day | 9,717 | 20 | 225.6 (125.4–325.8) | 10.6 (6.5–17.1) | 14,706 | 29 | 218.0 (138.1–298.0) | 8.0 (5.4–12.0) | 0.8 (0.4–1.6) |
| 11–20 cigarettes/day | 23,748 | 104 | 451.8 (364.8–538.9) | 20.4 (15.5–27.0) | 21,417 | 79 | 377.5 (294.1–460.9) | 14.6 (11.1–19.1) | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) |
| 21–30 cigarettes/day | 20,519 | 111 | 581.5 (472.1–690.9) | 25.7 (19.6–33.8) | 12,178 | 54 | 477.5 (348.7–606.3) | 18.4 (13.4–25.1) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) |
| 30–40 cigarettes/day | 14,657 | 93 | 673.4 (535.0–811.7) | 29.5 (22.2–39.2) | 6,528 | 35 | 553.8 (370.0–737.5) | 21.2 (14.7–30.7) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) |
| > 40 cigarettes/day | 11,257 | 84 | 828.3 (648.8–1,007.8) | 35.8 (26.7–48.1) | 3,648 | 18 | 516.7 (271.8–761.5) | 21.5 (13.2–35.1) | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) |
|
| |||||||||
| Current smokers | |||||||||
| 1–10 cigarettes/day | 49,323 | 223 | 479.3 (416.2–542.5) | 20.7 (16.3–26.3) | 68,806 | 235 | 358.6 (312.4–404.7) | 13.4 (10.9–16.5) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) |
| 11–20 cigarettes/day | 90,311 | 605 | 723.8 (665.6–782.0) | 30.5 (24.6–37.9) | 94,060 | 535 | 612.8 (560.1–665.5) | 22.5 (18.8–27.1) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) |
| 21–30 cigarettes/day | 57,048 | 429 | 867.2 (782.5–951.8) | 35.9 (28.7–44.8) | 39,611 | 247 | 689.4 (601.3–777.6) | 25.2 (20.5–31.0) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) |
| 30–40 cigarettes/day | 32,622 | 283 | 988.1 (867.9–1,108.4) | 42.6 (33.8–53.8) | 15,295 | 149 | 1,112.6 (927.2–1,298.0) | 40.7 (32.3–51.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) |
| > 40 cigarettes/day | 12,553 | 139 | 1,259.2 (1,035.0–1,483.3) | 54.9 (42.2–71.4) | 4,142 | 48 | 1,308.9 (924.2–1,693.6) | 47.3 (34.0–65.8) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) |
CI indicates confidence intervals; ref, reference; No., number.
*
Age-standardized incidence rates calculated by direct standardization to the entire AARP cohort; see methods for details.
†
Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from Cox models adjusted for age at entry into cohort, body mass index, education, vigorous physical activity, usual activity throughout the day, alcohol intake, fruit intake, vegetable intake, red meat intake, processed meat intake, pipe or cigar use, and total energy intake. For hazard ratios associated with smoking, age-adjusted and multivariate adjusted estimates were similar.