. 2005 Feb;86(1):1–18. doi: 10.1111/j.0959-9673.2005.00410.x

Table 2.

A summary of markers expressed by cells observed in or derived from various sources which have the potential to develop into hepatocytes

From bone marrow (haematopoietic stem cells)

CD34⁺lin⁻(Theise)

Sca-1⁺Thy-1⁺CD34⁺lin⁻CD45⁺(Lagasse)

β2micro⁻Thy-1⁺Thy-1⁺Alb⁺AFP⁺CK8⁺CK18⁺CK19⁺C/EBPa⁺CYP3A2⁺HNF4⁺CD34⁻CD38⁻CD117⁻(Avital)

CD34⁺Thy-1⁺CD117⁺AFP⁺c-met⁺(Oh and Miyazaki)

Sca-1⁺Thy-1⁺(Okumota)

CXCR-4⁺AFP⁺Sca-1⁺c-met⁺CK19⁺(Ratajczak)

CD34^+/–CD45⁺CD38⁻lin⁻C1rRp⁺ (Danet)

CD34⁺CD38⁻CD7⁻ (Wang and Ge)

β2micro⁻Thy-1⁺C/EBP⁺Alb⁺ (Avital)

CD34⁺CD45⁺ (Fiegel)

CD34⁺CD133⁺AFP⁺CXCR-4⁺ (Ratajczak)

From bone marrow (mesenchymal stem cells)

CD45⁻glycophorin-A⁻ (Schwartz) (Schwartz) (Jiang)

Str1⁺CD13⁺CD49a⁺ CD49b⁺CD29⁺CD44⁺CD71⁺Thy-1⁺CD106⁺CD124⁺

CD34⁻CD44⁻CD45⁻CD117⁻MHC⁻β2micro^lowCD133^lowFlk^lowFlt^lowCD13⁺CD49b⁺

From peripheral blood

AFP⁺CK19⁺(Ratajczak) (Ratajczak)

CD14⁺ (Zhao)

From cord blood

CD34^+/–CD45⁺CD38⁻lin⁻C1rRp⁺ (Danet)

CD34⁺CD38⁻CD7⁻ (Wang and Ge)

CD34^+/– (Kakinuma)

CD34⁺ or CD45⁺ (Ishikawa)

From foetal liver

AFP⁺Alb⁺GGT⁺AAT⁺glutathione-S-transferase⁺

MHC class-I⁻ICAM-1⁺(Kubota and Reid)

OX43⁻OX44⁻(Fiegel)

CD45⁻TER119⁻CD49f^+/lowCD29⁺CD117⁻c-met⁺(Suzuki)

CD117^lowCD45⁻TER119⁻CD49f^+/–alb⁺AFP⁺TTR⁺HGF⁺OSMR⁺ c-met⁺(Minguet)

DLK⁺Alb⁺AFP⁺CK19⁺(Tanimizu)

Alb⁺AFP⁺CK19⁺CD49f⁺Thy-1⁻CD45⁻(Yasuchika)

HepPar1⁺CK19⁺CK14⁺ (Haruna)

β1 and α1,5,6,9 integrin⁺ (Couvelard)

AFP⁺GGT⁺CK8⁺CK19⁺CD34⁺plasminogen activator inhibitor 1⁺ (Malhi)

From adult liver (Oval cells)

CK19⁺GGT⁺AFP⁺Thy-1⁺CD117⁺CD34⁺SCF⁺OV6⁺OC.2⁺BD1⁺CD45^–/+Sca-1⁺A6⁺

CXCR4⁺(Hatch)

β2micro⁻Thy-1⁺(Avital)

AFP⁺CD45⁻TER119⁻CD117⁻Thy-1⁻CD49f⁺CD29⁺(Fujikawa)

Alb⁺transferrin⁺CK8⁺CK18⁺(Mitaka)

OC.2⁺OC.5⁺CD34⁻Thy-1⁻AFP⁺CYP450⁻(Gordon)

SP⁺CD45^+/– and minority CD34⁺CD117⁺Sca-1⁺Thy-1⁺(Wulf)

CK19⁺CD117⁺ (Theise)

CD117⁺ and/or CD34⁺ (Crosby)

OV6⁺ (Crosby)

CK14⁺CD117⁺CD34⁻Alb⁻ (Seki)

From embryonic stem cells

SSEA-1⁺SSEA-3⁻SSEA-4⁻ (Henderson)

SSEA-1⁻SSEA-3⁺SSEA-4⁺Tra-1-60⁺Tra-1-81⁺Thy-1⁺ (Henderson)

Oct-4⁺ (Nichols) (Reubinoff)

SSEA-1⁻SSEA-3⁺SSEA-4⁺Tra-1-60⁺Tra-1-81⁺Oct4⁺hTERT⁺CD133⁺ (Carpenter)

Rodent studies are in italic and human studies are in normal text.