Figure 2.

Force field bonded interactions: r governs bond stretching; θ represents the bond angle term; φ gives the dihedral angle; the out-of-plane angle α may be controlled by an “improper” dihedral ϕ.

Force field bonded interactions: r governs bond stretching; θ represents the bond angle term; φ gives the dihedral angle; the out-of-plane angle α may be controlled by an “improper” dihedral ϕ.