Fig. 4.
All PAMPs and DAMPs induce endogenous ATP release by monocytes. (A) ATP levels in supernatants from monocytes cultured 3 h without (untreated) or with all of the different PAMPs or DAMPs in the absence (CTR) or presence of zVAD (40 μM) and ARL (200 μM) as indicated. Results are expressed as nM of ATP secreted per 106 cells. Values are the mean of at least four different experiments ± SD. (B) IL-1β secreted by monocytes from the same donors under the same experimental conditions, evaluated by ELISA (mean ± SD).