Figure 1.
Increased urinary Opn levels in children with nephrotic syndrome. (A) Demographics of the research participants. Continuous variables are means ± SD, with P values calculated by one-way ANOVA. AA, African American; †P value calculated by Fisher exact test. ‡Not obtained. ‖Treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and/or angiotensin receptor blockers at the time of urine collection. #Estimated GFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2). **Urinary protein/creatinine ratio; P value calculated by Kruskal-Wallis test. (B) Urine Opn levels were measured with human Opn ELISA kits (R&D Systems) and normalized to urinary creatinine values. *Categorical variables presented as percentage with P values calculated by Fisher exact test. (C) Representative immunostainings with anti-Opn antibody of kidney sections obtained from the research participants (counterstained with periodic acid-Schiff), CTL is a time 0 biopsy of a living transplant allograft.