Abstract
The liver is one of the major target organs affected in sepsis that are usually accompanied with free radical formation. The use of minus charge for the prevention and cure of various radical related diseases is gaining wide importance in the medicinal field. Here, we investigate whether minus charge stimulation (MCS) inhibits nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the mice liver. The survival rate was compared in LPS-treated group with MCS group. The liver NO radical was measured using electron spin resonance technique. Serum alanine transaminase (ALT) was estimated for liver injury. MCS significantly improved the survival rate of LPS-treated mice and inhibited increase of ALT in serum levels. MCS also reduced NO radical production significantly in the LPS-treated mice liver tissue. In conclusion, our results indicate that MCS prevents LPS-induced liver injury, which may be through the inhibition of liver NO radical production.
Keywords: minus charge stimulation, liver injury, nitric oxide, electron spin resonance, lipopolysaccharide
Introduction
Excessive systemic inflammation in sepsis is the most common cause of death in intensive care units [1], ultimately resulting in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome [2, 3]. The liver plays an important role in the pathogenesis of sepsis both as a source of inflammatory mediators as well as the target organ for the effects of these mediators [4, 5]. Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lethality is characterized by liver failure, accompanied by severe hepatic injury. This mechanisms is involved in chemical mediators such as superoxide, nitric oxide (NO) radical, and cytokines [6–11]. Thus, LPS is widely used as an inducer of various free radicals and cytokines [12].
NO is a key factor for hepatic injury. NO interacts with superoxide (O2−) to produce peroxynitrite (ONOO−), a potent oxidant [13]. However, the direct measurement of NO radical is not commonly performed because NO has a very short half-life of less than five seconds. For the detection and identification of NO radical, the use of spin-trapping compounds appears to be the best method in vivo [14]. By using the electron spin resonance (ESR) spin-trapping technique, we have detected in vivo NO radical production in the liver after mice partial hepatectomy [15]. However, it is not yet known the detection of liver NO production after LPS-induced liver injury using ESR technique.
On the other hand, reactive oxygen species (ROS) including NO contribute to the pathogenesis of various acute and chronic liver diseases such as acetaminophen overdose, hemochromatosis, alcoholic liver injury, toxin exposures and viral hepatitis [16–22]. Thus, a treatment of scavenger of ROS is expected to prevent these free radical mediated liver diseases. It is well known that electrostatic potential therapy equipment applies small amounts of electrical energy to the entire body and promotes homeostatic functions within the body, such as stimulating blood flow and providing relief from pain and other beneficial effects. Japan is in forefront of development of electrostatic potential equipments for physical therapy. Moreover, the actual results in clinical applications have been accumulated for over 50 years [23, 24].
Electrostatic potential therapy is also used to cure headaches, stiff shoulders, insomnia, chronic constipation and various radical related diseases [25, 26]. Furthermore, the use of turning normal water into an antioxidant with minus charge to prevent against superoxide anion radicals and to protect DNA from oxidative damage [27, 28]. However, the mechanisms responsible of electrostatic potential therapy remain poorly understood. The minus charge stimulation (MCS), a kind of electrostatic potential therapy equipments, provides minus charges into body while free radical demands minus charge. Therefore, we hypothesize that MCS may affect on free radical production. In the present study, we examined whether MCS participates in LPS induced hepatic injury in mice as an experimental endotoxic shock model. Moreover, in order to clarify an anti-radical effect of Minus Charge stimulation (MSC), ESR method was used to measure NO free radicals generation directly in the hepatic tissue.
Materials and Methods
Animals
Male BALB/c mice (8 weeks, weighting 21–26 g) were purchased from Sankyo Labo Service Co. (Tokyo, Japan). Mice were maintained on a 12 h light/dark cycle at 23 ± 2°C with constant humidity (45 ± 10%). All animal experimental procedures were treated in accordance with guidelines outlined in the Animal Care and Use Committee of Showa University.
The day before the experiment, the animals were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, and were gently shaved hair of back about three-square centimeters with a razor to expose skin. Then the animals were returned to their cages and maintained for 24 h.
Minus charge stimulation
The shaved animals were divided into three groups. One group of the animals (n = 20) was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 30 mg/kg body weight of LPS (Escherichia coli O55:B6, Sigma, Chemical Co., St Louis, MO). The second group of the animals (n = 18) which was received the same dose of LPS was immediately applied minus charge stimulation (Ito Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan). First, we put the mice into a plastic cage, and the negative pole of MSC was fixed on the mice back with adhesive tape. Then the plastic cage was put onto the insulated sheet which inside is positive pole for the MCS. Finally, the power was turned up to 260 V and the animals were given free chow and water (Fig. 1). Because the sheet is insulated, it was not able to form a circuit through the mice body. In fact, there was not current flow in MCS equipment, consequently the animals were not given an electric shock. Third group of the animals (n = 20) was injected with saline as a sham control. The survival rate was assessed for the next 7 days. The blood samples and liver tissues were obtained from the individual mice at following time point.
Fig. 1.
The diagrams when MCS is applied. The negative pole was fixed on the mice back and was twisted using adhesive tape. Then the plastic cage which mice inside was put onto the insulated sheet which inside is positive pole for the MCS. Finally, the power was turned up to 260 V and the animals were given free chow and water.
NO radical analysis by ESR method
All the animals were injected with NO trap dosage, 200 mM N-Methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate sodium salt (MGD; Dojin Co., Kumamoto, Japan) and 200 mM ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) complex (3; 1, 0.4 ml/20 g mice weight, i.p.) at 30 min before sacrifice. Once the animals were sacrificed, a piece of remnant right lobe (100 mg) was compressed immediately on a Tissue cell and the level of NO radical was measured by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscope (JEOL JES RE1X, X-band, 100 KHz modulation frequency) at room temperature. Instrument settings were as follows: center field, 330 ± 5.0 mT; microwave power, 16 mW; modulation amplitude, 0.5 mT; gain, 5000; time constant, 1 s; scanning time, 8 min. The ESR signal of the [(MGD)2Fe]-NO complex gave a characteristic 3 peak spectrum, the height of first peak was measured as the ESR intensity. The first peak of 2-Fe(II)-NO radical intensity divided by external standard Mn value is the NO radical intensity.
To compare the NO radical production in the LPS group and MCS group, we first determine the optimal time point for the single LPS injection in the preliminary experiment. The NO radical intensity was measured at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after LPS injection (n = 6). Then, the NO radical intensity was measured at optimal time point after LPS treatment in the LPS group and MCS group (n = 6).
We also examined whether MCS reduce the NO radical production in vitro. MGD was used as NO trap dosage. 3-(2-Hydroxy-1-nitrosohydrazino)-N-methyl-1-propanamine (NOC 7; Dojin Co., Kumamoto, Japan) was used as NO generate dosage. We put the negative pole of MSC into a plastic tube which MGD and NOC 7 inside. Then the plastic tube was put onto the insulated sheet which inside is positive pole for the MCS. Finally, the power was turned up to 260 V. After 5 min, the [(MGD)2Fe]-NO was measured by ESR.
Serum level of alanine transaminase (ALT) analysis
At optimal time point after LPS injection, the MCS group and control group (n = 8) serum was separated from whole blood by centrifugation at 15,000 rpm for 10 min at 4°C, and the serum alanine transaminase (ALT) was measured using Vet Scan Rotar Profiler (ABAXIS, Inc. Union City, CA). This enzyme activity was expressed as an international unit (U/L).
HE staining on Liver tissue
The control group, LPS and MCS group (n = 3) mouse were anesthetized with barbiturate at 0, 2, 4 and 6 h after LPS injection and they were perfused transcardially with 2% paraformaldehyde solution in 0.1 M phosphate buffer. The liver tissues were immersed for 2 days in a solution containing 20% sucrose for cytoprotection, and they were embedded in Tissue Tek OCT compound (Miles Laboratories, Inc. Naperwille, IL). The frozen sections of 8-µm thickness were prepared. The histology change was compared in liver tissue by hematoxylen eosin staining.
Results
Effects of MCS on animal survival rate
All animals (n = 20) died from 12 h till 24 h with only LPS treatment. In contrast, the MCS treatment after LPS administration improved the mortality from 60% to 40% at 16 h till 2 days (Fig. 2). These results showed clearly that MCS treatment had an effect on the rate of survival from LPS administration in mice.
Fig. 2.
Effect of MCS on the survival rate of mice after LPS injection. Mice were treated with LPS and saline (30 mg/kg, i.p.) as described above. MCS was administrated immediately after LPS injection. MCS significantly improved the mice survival rate of from 12 h to 2 days after LPS treated. t test p<0.05 MCS group as compared with LPS group (n = 20).
The intensity of NO radical in the liver
In control, when the animals were injected with 200 mM N-Methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate sodium salt and 200 mM ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) complex without a prior LPS injection, characteristic line of ESR spectrum was not detected in the liver (Fig. 3A). At 6 h prior treatment with LPS group, the [(MGD)2Fe]-NO complex gave a characteristic 3 peaks spectrum. The height of first peak spectrum was 4.4 ± 1.2 mm (Fig. 3B). However NO radical ESR spectrum was significantly inhibited to 2.7 ± 1.0 mm in the MCS group at the same time point (Fig. 3C).
Fig. 3.
ESR spectra of the [(MGD)2Fe]-NO complex in the circulation of the mice liver after LPS administration. No signal of NO radical was detected in the control mice liver (A). A weak ESR signal of the [(MGD)2Fe]-NO complex was detected when the mouse was treated by MCS compared (C) with only LPS injection (B) at 6 h. Bar graphs showing NO radical intensity induced by LPS injection in the liver tissue at each time point and peaked at 6 h after LPS injection (D) t test p<0.01. MCS prevented mice liver NO radical production at 6 h after LPS injection (E). Values are expressed as the mean ± SE for each group (n = 6), t test p<0.05.
Then the height of first peak divided by external standard Mn value was measured as the ESR intensity. We measured the time-course changes of NO radical intensity after LPS administration. The intensity of NO radical was gradually increased at 2 h after LPS administration. At 4 h after LPS injection, the intensity of NO was rapidly increased. Significant increase of NO radical intensity was measured at 6 h and kept till 8 h after LPS injection (p<0.05) (Fig. 3D). Then we compared the NO radical intensity at 6 h after LPS injection in the LPS group and MCS group. Expectedly, MCS significantly inhibited NO radical intensity at the same time point (p<0.05) (Fig. 3E). These data demonstrate that MCS prevents NO radical production induced with LPS injection.
For the in vitro experiment, a strong three-line ESR spectrum of [(MGD)2Fe]-NO complex was observed at 2 min after NOC7 mixed with spin-trapping, the (MGD)2Fe complex (Fig. 4A). The first peak divided by external standard Mn value was measured as the ESR intensity. A weak ESR signal of [(MGD)2Fe]-NO complex was detected when MCS was applied 5 min (Fig. 4B). Then we compared the NO radical intensity in control and MCS group. Expectedly, MCS also significantly inhibited NO radical intensity in vivo (p<0.01) (Fig. 4C).
Fig. 4.
ESR spectra of the [(MGD)2Fe]-NO complex in vitro at 2 min after NOC7 mixed with (MGD)2Fe complex. ESR signal of the [(MGD)2Fe]-NO complex was detected in the control (A) and 5 min MCS-treated group (B). Bar graphs showing MCS inhibited NO radical intensity compared with control (C). Values are expressed as the mean ± SE for each group, t test p<0.01.
Effect of MCS of serum level of ALT
The serum values of ALT were analyzed to evaluate liver injury. The LPS-treatment increased serum values of ALT in mice. The increase in ALT value was reduced significantly by administration of MCS at 6 h after LPS injection (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5.
The effect of MCS of serum level of ALT. The increases in serum ALT value were reduced significantly by administration of MCS at 6 h after LPS injection. Serum ALT are shown as mean ± SE (n = 6), t test p<0.05.
Histological observation
The liver tissue was compared in LPS and MCS group. At 0 h after LPS injection, the morphology of liver is normal in the LPS or MCS group (Fig. 6A, B). No morphological differences were observed in the LPS and MCS group at 2 h after LPS injection (Fig. 6C, D). Many irregular damaged hepatocytes were observed in the LPS group at 6 h, and the MCS inhibited the hepatocytes damage clearly (Fig. 6E, F).
Fig. 6.
Liver HE staining. The liver tissue was stained at 0, 2 and 6 h after LPS (A, C, E) and MCS group (B, D, F).
Discussion
The present study demonstrates that MCS treatment is effective in protecting mice from liver injury due to LPS. The survival rate of mice was 0% at 24 h after LPS injection. In contrast, MCS treatment markedly improved the survival rate of the animals. LPS administration caused severe hepatic dysfunction, as revealed by marked increase in serum ALT. However, MCS treatment markedly improved the LPS-induced hepatic dysfunction, as shown a significant reduction of serum ALT enzyme activity, and the appearance of pathological changes, resulting in an improvement in the survival rate of the animal. These results demonstrate that MCS prevents LPS-induced hepatocytes cellular damage that occurs as a result of hepatic injury and subsequent injury to multiple organs.
It has been demonstrated in many animal models in vivo and in vitro that LPS induces the overproduction of ROS, including free radical such as NO radical [12, 22, 29]. The liver is one organ that is clearly influenced by NO. Consequently, oxidative damage occurs in the liver [4, 19]. The balance of NO and ROS is probably also important in regulating the biological functions of NO. A low dose of NO servers to maximize blood perfusion, prevent neutralize toxic oxygen radicals in the liver during acute sepsis. NO also demonstrates antimicrobial and anti-apoptosis properties during hepatitis infection and other inflammatory processes. However, when a large sustained amount of NO is present, NO might become genotoxic and lead to the development of liver injury [4]. In the present study, we first measured directly NO radical production in the liver tissue after LPS injection using ESR method. NO radical increased gradually at 2 h and increased rapidly at 4 h after LPS injection. Finally, the intensity of NO radical reached a maximum after 6 h. We considered this acute and mass-produced increasing of NO is harmful to the liver tissue. Expectedly, MCS treatment inhibited significantly at 6 h LPS-induced NO production increasing in the mice. MCS may thus prevent harmful effect of NO to the liver injury induced by LPS injection.
We also measured ALT in serum level, another general marker of liver injury. The level of ALT was increased at 6 h after LPS injection. Expectedly, MCS treatment significantly reduced ALT level after LPS injection. Taken together, MCS could protect hepatic injury induced by LPS treatment. The liver is one of the most important body organs in that it performs so many different functions. The liver makes proteins, eliminates waste material form the body and so on. Therefore, the serious liver injury may induce excessive systemic inflammation in sepsis, which is the most common cause of death in intensive care units [1]. This is may be explain that MCS increased the survival rate of mice after LPS injection.
In conclusion, MCS prevents LPS-induced liver injury, which may be through the inhibition of NO radical production in the liver tissue. The minus charge exists in the nature, and the MCS produces no harmful side effects to the body. Therefore, MCS may be a safe and effective therapy for the many liver diseases that companied with NO radical production in the future. It is also necessary to study the mechanism of MCS protecting on hepatic injury in the future.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported in part by Showa University High-Technology Research Center Project from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan and Research on Health Sciences focusing on Drug Innovation from The Japan Health Sciences Foundation.
Abbreviations
- ESR
electron spin resonance
- LPS
lipopolysaccharide
- MCS
minus charge stimulation
- NO
nitric oxide
- PBS
phosphate buffer saline
- ROS
reactive oxygen species
- ALT
alanine transaminase
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