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MIN6 cell viability by Trypan blue exclusion cytometry following 24 h culture under the given conditions. (a) Toxicity index of 1 or 2 mM metformin, for MIN6 cells cultured in the presence of 25 mM glucose and/or methyl succinate. (b) Toxicity index as in (a), but with MIN6 cells cultured in media without added glucose (0.6 mM). Toxicity index was calculated as described in the text. Data are mean±s.e.m. for seven independent trials. §P<0.01 vs control 25G, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.
