Table 5.
Adjusted relative risks (95% confidence interval) of symptomatic gall stone disease according to quintiles of dietary intakes of different types of carbohydrate* among US men in the Health Professionals Follow up Study, 1986–1998
| Quintiles | ||||||
| 1 (lowest) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 (highest) | p for trend | |
| Starch | ||||||
| Model 1: age adjusted | 1.00 | 1.17 (1.01, 1.36) | 1.16 (1.00, 1.35) | 1.12 (0.96, 1.31) | 1.24 (1.07, 1.45) | 0.03 |
| Model 2: multivariate | 1.00 | 1.19 (1.02, 1.39) | 1.20 (1.02, 1.41) | 1.20 (1.01, 1.42) | 1.43 (1.20, 1.72) | 0.0002 |
| Sucrose | ||||||
| Model 1: age adjusted | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.96, 1.30) | 1.18 (1.01, 1.38) | 1.23 (1.06, 1.44) | 1.39 (1.20, 1.61) | <0.0001 |
| Model 2: multivariate | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.92, 1.28) | 1.14 (0.96, 1.35) | 1.16 (0.98, 1.38) | 1.28 (1.07, 1.54) | 0.002 |
| Fructose | ||||||
| Model 1: age adjusted | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.94, 1.27) | 1.05 (0.90, 1.22) | 1.04 (0.90, 1.21) | 1.23 (1.06, 1.42) | 0.05 |
| Model 2: multivariate | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.96, 1.31) | 1.09 (0.92, 1.28) | 1.09 (0.92, 1.30) | 1.30 (1.08, 1.57) | 0.04 |
| Lactose | ||||||
| Model 1: age adjusted | 1.00 | 1.22 (1.05, 1.42) | 1.22 (1.05, 1.42) | 1.28 (1.10, 1.48) | 1.13 (0.97, 1.32) | 0.8 |
| Model 2: multivariate | 1.00 | 1.18 (1.01, 1.37) | 1.19 (1.01, 1.38) | 1.24 (1.06, 1.44) | 1.10 (0.93, 1.29) | 0.9 |
Model 1, relative risk adjusted for age.
Model 2, the multivariate model included the same covariates as in model 3 in tables 2 ▶, 3 ▶.
*Carbohydrates were classified by their chemical structure. All types of carbohydrate included simultaneously. Types of carbohydrate were mutually exclusive; fructose does not include contribution from sucrose.