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. 2026 Jul 25;16:33955. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-63013-0

Table 4.

Comparative analysis of DL models for horizon 15.

Model RMSE MAE MAPE MSLE Time (s)
NBEATSx 6.36Inline graphic 5.82Inline graphic 1.79Inline graphic 3.30Inline graphic 3.32Inline graphic
LSTM 1.39Inline graphic 1.38Inline graphic 4.04Inline graphic 1.18Inline graphic 2.91Inline graphic
GRU 5.68Inline graphic 4.51Inline graphic 1.24Inline graphic 1.82Inline graphic 2.69Inline graphic
DeepAR 3.55Inline graphic 3.51Inline graphic 1.00 6.39Inline graphic 6.52Inline graphic
TFT 4.85Inline graphic 4.05Inline graphic 1.24Inline graphic 2.04Inline graphic 2.03
Informer 3.54Inline graphic 3.51Inline graphic 9.99Inline graphic 4.53Inline graphic 1.50
PatchTST 5.95Inline graphic 5.16Inline graphic 1.57Inline graphic 2.76Inline graphic 3.80Inline graphic
FEDformer 2.89Inline graphic 2.84Inline graphic 8.49Inline graphic 3.86Inline graphic 2.73
TCN 1.69Inline graphic 1.45Inline graphic 4.28Inline graphic 2.44Inline graphic 3.98Inline graphic
TimesNet 1.27Inline graphic 1.01Inline graphic 3.16Inline graphic 1.03Inline graphic 3.73
Ours 9.28Inline graphic 7.37Inline graphic 2.20Inline graphic 6.88Inline graphic 1.90Inline graphic