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. 2026 Oct 21;16:57. doi: 10.5334/tohm.1267

Table 1.

Clinical and neuroanatomical features of reported parakinesia brachialis oscitans cases. Cases are ordered chronologically by year of publication. Full case-level data are given in Supplementary Table 3. CADASIL, cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy; ICA, internal carotid artery; MCA, middle cerebral artery; NR, not reported; PBO, parakinesia brachialis oscitans; PCA, posterior cerebral artery.

# AUTHOR (YEAR) AGE/SEX LESION/DIAGNOSIS SYMPTOM LATERALITY LIMB(S) AFFECTED TIME TO ONSET PBO OUTCOME
1 Blin et al. (1994) 62/M Left posterior limb of internal capsule infarct Right Upper & Lower A few days Persisted at 6 weeks
2 Töpper et al. (2003) 62/M Right PCA and MCA territory infarction Left Upper NR NR
3 Töpper et al. (2003) 43/M Basilar artery thrombosis with right pontine infarct Left Upper 4 days NR
4 Töpper et al. (2003) 51/M Hypertensive left thalamic hemorrhage extending into the internal capsule Right Upper 2 weeks NR
5 Walusinski et al. (2010) 49/F Right internal capsule infarct in the setting of CADASIL (NOTCH3 mutation) Left Upper 2 days Resolved at 2 weeks with motor recovery
6 Walusinski et al. (2010) 73/M Left internal capsule lacunar infarct Right Upper At presentation Resolved at 1 week with partial recovery and residual ataxia
7 Walusinski et al. (2010) 71/M Right centrum semiovale and lenticular nucleus infarct Left Upper At presentation Persisted at 3 years
8 Walusinski et al. (2010) 53/M Right caudate and centrum semiovale infarct in the setting of factor V Leiden Left Upper At presentation Persisted at 1 year
9 Walusinski et al. (2010) 75/M Left internal capsule and lenticular nucleus infarct Right Upper At presentation NR
10 Walusinski et al. (2010) 35/F Left total MCA territory infarct in the setting of ICA dissection and fibromuscular dysplasia Right Upper At presentation NR
11 de Lima et al. (2012) 63/M Right cortical and subcortical frontoparietal infarct Left Upper 2 months NR
12 Jung et al. (2012) 59/M Right precentral gyrus and frontal subcortical infarct Left Upper 1 day Resolved, timing NR, by 5-year follow-up
13 Zorzetto et al. (2013) 60/M Left MCA territory infarct Right Upper During thrombolysis Resolved at 24 hours
14 Wu et al. (2013) 52/M Right putaminal hemorrhage extending into the internal capsule Left Upper 4 months Persisted, increasing in frequency and intensity
15 Farah et al. (2015) 51/M Left fronto-parieto-temporal infarct Right Upper 2 days Resolved at 12 hours
16 Kang and Dhand (2015) 63/M Left cortical and subcortical infarct in the MCA territory Right Upper NR Resolved at 2 weeks with partial recovery of arm strength
17 Koo and Wang (2016) 57/F Right internal capsule infarct Left Upper A few days NR
18 Nascimento Alves et al. (2018) 59/M Left lenticular nucleus, internal capsule, caudate and corona radiata infarct Right Upper At presentation NR
19 Aaron and Al Hashmi (2019) 53/F Right pontine and upper medullary infarct Left Upper 2 days Resolved at 3 days
20 Gadelha et al. (2019) 65/F Right MCA territory infarct with M1 occlusion Left Upper During thrombolysis NR
21 Chowdhury et al. (2022) 59/M Left frontal cortex and basal ganglia infarct with hemorrhagic transformation Right Upper 2 weeks Persisted at 1 year with reduced amplitude
22 Lim and Neo (2022) 65/M Right corona radiata and internal capsule infarct Left Upper 17.5 hours Resolved, timing NR, with recovery of motor power
23 Salavisa et al. (2023) 35/M Right centrum semiovale demyelinating lesion; multiple sclerosis Left Upper 2 weeks Improved, then re-emerged with neurological worsening
24 Zobiri et al. (2023) 71/F Internal capsule and lenticular nucleus infarct, right MCA territory Left Upper NR NR
25 Tsai et al. (2024) 31/M Right deep subcortical white matter tumefactive demyelinating lesion Left Upper At presentation NR
26 Alvarez and Alvarez (2025) 76/M Right frontal cortical-subcortical intracerebral hemorrhage Left Upper NR NR
27 Orozco-Puga et al. (2026) 20/F Right internal capsule infarct in the setting of ICA dissection Left Upper 1 week NR
28 Orozco-Puga et al. (2026) 45/F Left pontine infarct with hemorrhagic transformation Right Upper 4 days NR
29 Orozco-Puga et al. (2026) 49/F Right frontal subcortical white matter infarct Left Upper 2 weeks NR
30 AlJaafari and Shariff (2026) 57/M Left pontine infarct with basilar atherosclerosis Right Upper & Lower 1 week Resolved by 3 months
31 Alcalá-Torres (2026) 76/F Right lenticular nucleus and internal capsule infarct Left Upper 1 month Resolved at 5 months