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. 2026 Oct 19;21:604909. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S604909

Figure 6.

Schematic of nanoparticle uptake by an antigen-presenting cell leading to helper and killer T-cell responses. A left-to-right cartoon shows a liposomal spherical nucleic acid particle carrying two components (pink antigen dots and blue CpG strands) entering a dendritic-shaped antigen-presenting cell. Inside, an endosome is labeled with TLR9 signaling and a separate pathway indicates antigen processing and display. Two surface routes are drawn: one labeled MHC-I connects to a green CD8 plus T cell, which then points to a cluster of tumor cells labeled as being destroyed; the other labeled MHC-II connects to a blue CD4 plus T cell. A dashed arrow from the CD4 plus cell toward the CD8 plus cell indicates supportive help. A small legend identifies the antigen and CpG symbols.

Representative Liposomal SNA(LSNAs)-mediated cancer immunotherapy. LSNAs co-deliver antigens and CpG oligonucleotides to dendritic cells. CpG activates Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in endosomes. Antigens are presented through MHC-I and MHC-II to activate CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T cells, respectively. CD8⁺ T cells kill tumor cells, while CD4⁺ T cells support the CD8⁺ T-cell response.