5.
Momentum-resolved light trapping analysis of complete patterns. (a,c,e) Simulated power distribution of light transmitted through a semi-infinite air–Si interface as a function of in-plane momentum and photon energy for the HUDLE holes pattern (a, left), periodic (c, middle), and HUDLE walls (e, right). The white solid line represents the light line (critical angle) and vertical dashed lines denote in-plane momentum limits of the HUD design. (b,d,f) Integrated power fractions of light scattered by the nanostructures. Reflected power fraction (backward) shown in red at the top, power scattered into the escape cone (within k c) gray in the middle, and power scattered beyond the critical angle k ∥ > k c in blue at the bottom for HUDLE holes (b), periodic (d), and HUDLE walls (f) as a function of photon energy.