. 2026 Aug 28;16(3):20250069. doi: 10.1098/rsfs.2025.0069

Table 4.

Paired $t$ -test results for volume forecasting. EX-KAN is compared with KAN. Positive improvement indicates lower error for EX-KAN.

horizon (months)	metric	EX-KAN	KAN	improvement (%)	$t$ -test $p$
3	MAE	$51.89$	$50.31$	$- 3.14$	$0.004$
3	MAPE	$19.83$	$19.36$	$- 2.41$	$0.073$
3	SMAPE	$16.10$	$17.58$	$8.45$	$0.002$
6	MAE	$66.79$	$65.21$	$- 2.42$	$0.026$
6	MAPE	$26.87$	$25.64$	$- 4.81$	$0.012$
6	SMAPE	$24.10$	$23.21$	$- 3.83$	$0.039$
12	MAE	$73.86$	$72.34$	$- 2.09$	$< 0.001$
12	MAPE	$27.57$	$26.77$	$- 2.97$	$0.016$
12	SMAPE	$28.56$	$27.89$	$- 2.39$	$0.001$