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. 2026 Oct 9;14:1895714. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2026.1895714

TABLE 6.

Predicted ranges of motion (ROM) of the spinal finite element model under 7.5 Nm moment.

Range of motion (ROM, °)
Loading Direction​ T1-S1 T1-T6 T6-T12 T6-S1 T12-S1
Flexion-extension 103.5 65.9 28.2 37.6 9.4
Lateral bending 109.5 65.9 31.5 43.5 12.0
Axial rotation 124.1 69.5 40.9 54.6 13.7