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. 2026 Oct 8;14:1864003. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2026.1864003

FIGURE 2.

Scientific figure showing multiple panels: A, a schematic illustrating dopamine coating on EcN bacteria; B, transmission electron microscope images of EcN and EcN@pDA, highlighting surface differences; C, bar graphs comparing size and zeta potential between EcN and EcN@pDA; D, line graph showing temperature increase under different near-infrared irradiation intensities; E, infrared thermal images comparing EcN and EcN@pDA heating over time; F, temperature cycling graph for on/off irradiation; G, fluorescence microscopy images showing bacterial uptake over time at 0, 30, and 60 minutes; H, bar graph quantifying percentage of fluorescent cells at each time point; I, bar graph displaying GABA concentration under control and near-infrared conditions; J, bar graphs comparing bacterial survival and optical density in simulated gastric fluid, simulated intestinal fluid, and bile between EcN and EcN@pDA.

Assembly of pDA onto EcN. (A) Schematic illustration of pDA coating on the bacterial surface. (B) TEM images of EcN and EcN@pDA, scale bar: 0.5 μm. (C) Size and zeta potential of EcN and EcN@pDA. (D) Temperature changes of EcN@pDA suspensions under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation at different power levels. (E) Infrared thermal images of EcN and EcN@pDA suspensions upon NIR stimulation. (F) Temperature changes of EcN@pDA suspensions over three cycles of NIR stimulation followed by natural cooling. (G) Fluorescence images of EcN‐GFP@pDA after 0, 30, and 60 min of NIR stimulation, scale bar: 5 μm. (H) Percentage of fluorescent cells after 0, 30 and 60 min of NIR treatment. (I) GABA concentrations secreted by EcN-Gadabc@pDA with or without NIR stimulation. (J) Survival rates of EcN and EcN@pDA in SGF, SIF and bile. All data are presented as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.