Table 3.
Sleep characteristics across nights in TES15 kHz-TI1 Hz
| Baseline night | First night | Last night | Test statistic (X2 or F) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total sleep-wake period (hr) | 8.06 ± 0.99 | 8.25 ± 0.85 | 8.12 ± 0.78 | (X2) 0.88 | 0.646 |
| Total sleep time (hr) | 6.70 ± 0.83 | 7.04 ± 0.69 | 6.92 ± 0.79 | (X2) 6.12 | 0.047† |
| Sleep onset latency (min) | 22.97 ± 11.89 | 23.44 ± 13.38 | 21.50 ± 15.39 | (X2) 2.51 | 0.285 |
| REM latency (hr) | 1.86 ± 0.70 | 2.06 ± 0.76 | 1.93 ± 0.77 | (X2) 3.50 | 0.174 |
| Sleep efficiency (%) | 83.62 ± 8.89 | 85.65 ± 6.65 | 85.33 ± 7.27 | (X2) 1.12 | 0.570 |
| Number of arousals | 57 ± 26 | 69 ± 34 | 64 ± 31 | (X2) 1.24 | 0.538 |
| Arousal index (arousals/hr) | 8.54 ± 3.95 | 9.80 ± 4.60 | 9.42 ± 5.12 | (X2) 0.88 | 0.646 |
| Number of awakenings | 21 ± 7 | 21 ± 8 | 20 ± 8 | (X2) 1.76 | 0.414 |
| Wake after sleep onset (min) | 58.19 ± 47.17 | 48.56 ± 36.60 | 50.13 ± 36.78 | (X2) 2.13 | 0.345 |
| Stage N1 (%) | 4.07 ± 1.85 | 3.96 ± 2.94 | 4.07 ± 3.71 | (X2) 0.38 | 0.829 |
| Stage N2 (%) | 61.49 ± 9.83 | 61.88 ± 5.76 | 60.03 ± 5.65 | (X2) 0.38 | 0.829 |
| Stage N3 (%) | 13.75 ± 6.40 | 13.50 ± 6.35 | 12.62 ± 6.31 | (X2) 0.88 | 0.646 |
| Stage REM (%) | 20.70 ± 5.73 | 20.66 ± 2.91 | 23.28 ± 3.79 | (X2) 1.62 | 0.444 |
| Whole-night SWA (dB/Hz) | 12.34 ± 2.71 | 12.12 ± 2.66 | 12.21 ± 2.69 | (F) 1.16 | 0.327 |
| First 4 hr SWA (dB/Hz) | 12.54 ± 2.69 | 12.37 ± 2.75 | 12.45 ± 2.90 | (F) 0.50 | 0.611 |
Across baseline, first, and last nights, TES15 kHz-TI1 Hz (N = 16) participants show no significant differences in any sleep characteristics after correction for multiple comparisons (Friedman test or one-way repeated measures ANOVA, Benjamini–Yekutieli procedure to correct for multiple comparisons). Mean ± standard deviation. Unadjusted p-values shown; when corrected for multiple comparisons, all adjusted p-values were > 0.999.
REM rapid eye movement, SWA slow wave activity.
†Total sleep time is not significant after correction for multiple comparisons (X2 = 6.12, unadjusted p = 0.047, adjusted p > 0.999).